four families now at the Middletown School, arranged according to the moral condition of each family. This method is, without doubt, at present a little more responsible, and Dr. Byers is correct in what he says about securing proper subordinate officers. Our school has been in existence ten years, and, making use of Mr. Lechworth's words of commendation, I do not believe I claim too much when I hold it up as a model school. I consider the family system the Divine plan; it is getting back to natural relations so far as we can; and so it is our duty to struggle for it, and labor for it, until we can get officers that will do the work properly, and we need some way of training them for that work.

In respect to the construction of buildings there is a point worth mentioning, the economy of carrying water up stairs by hand instead of in pipes; we have practiced that, but are now building an aqueduct, and shall have water carried to all the stories. It is a false economy to save in that direction, and then, in case of fire, you must have plenty of water ready everywhere. As to Mr. Early's paper, we must all learn what we can on this subject of ventilation. Our last building at Middletown is about 42x75 feet, of three stories, and is now occupied by 40 small girls, with room for 60; its cost has been $10,340, including the heating and ventilating apparatus, but not including the furniture. I consider that an economical building. The girls are taught to do housework, then they go out into families. They are saving money for themselves; I keep several of their bank accounts for them. We have, also, a paper-box factory for the employment of those not good housekeepers.

The PRESIDENT: Speaking of rating and grading boys and girls, I am reminded of a chapter in the Comic Blackstone under the head of "Children." The author says, "Children are of two kinds, boys and girls." I have no doubt whatever that in a school for boys it will be necessary to have an entirely different set of appliances from those needed for girls.

Mr. WINES All I want to say regarding this subject is, that I do not agree with my friend, Dr. Byers, about the ability of one man to administer an institution with 1,000 inmates, successfully, upon the congregate plan. I think when one man undertakes to project himself through all the parts of an establishment containing 1,000 inmates, under a single roof, there won't be enough of him to go round [laughter], and he does not reach his subordinates and

impress them as he desires to do. They do a good deal as they please in their several departments, and are not so responsible as if put each in a branch of the establishment and made accountable for that.

Dr. BYERS: If the projectile force of the superintendent is an element of consideration, a man may project himself into one large building better than into one building connected with another, and with other buildings outside disconnected. Is it necessary for the superintendent to be able to call every boy by name, and understand his history?

Mr. WINES: I think every person who has charge should be able to call everybody by name; it is desirable, then, that the superintendent should do it, and no institution should be so large that he cannot. I have gone into an insane hospital with the superintendent, who, as was said yesterday, visits the wards once a week, and that on Sunday morning. That is the usual rule; he may go into his wards at other times to visit the sick, or something of the sort, but his regular time to go the rounds of inspection is Sunday morning. I have been in nearly forty insane hospitals in this country. At one visit the superintendent wanted to introduce me to somebody or other, and he said, "Oh! Mr. Jones, let me introduce you to Mr. Wines." The answer was, "My name is not Jones, my name is Smith." The question arises in my mind, if the superintendent don't know enough about his patients to call them by name, how much does he know about them anyhow? But enough upon this subject.

I wish also to call attention to a mistake in the newspapers. I don't object to their calling me "Miss Wines," although that is a little embarrassing. [Laughter.] Yesterday afternoon, when a number of our members withdrew from this room, and formed another Association in a distinct meeting, about which the Conference of Charities and Correction had nothing whatever to do, it should not have been reported as a part of this Conference.

Mr. CALDWELL, of Kentucky: The people of the South have made very few speeches during this convention, and I hope if I want more than five minutes time it will be granted. Since the apple was plucked from the tree in the Garden, there have been two grand opposing moral forces. We are told that "the seed of the woman shall bruise the head of the serpent," and that there are the evil and the good, purity and impurity, sin and wickedness,

goodness and righteousness, found in the land. We are told that sin had a head, that wickedness has brains, and that it is the duty of us who are fighting this monster to find where the head lies and where the brains are. It is too frequently the case, not only in the church, but in every charitable organization, that they are striking him somewhere else than on the head, where the brains lie. We discuss family systems and congregate systems, one preferring this and another that; but I hold that if we read the Sermon on the Mount we find where the head of the serpent lies: that it is in the thoughts, feelings, purposes and emotions of the heart. If we want to elevate that fallen girl, that exposed and dangerous boy, we must seek to reach their hearts, irrespective of any system whatever. Now the Bible tells us that we must use God's word, and all the other forces within our power, such as cleanliness, labor and discipline, all are to be supplemented by the word of God, and the heart full of love for the unfortunate. A good father or good mother is able to call a child by his right name, by his own name, and understands and knows everything about him. In Kentucky, fifteen years ago, where I went from the city of Chicago to take charge of a house of refuge in Louisville, we found we had a large building where we had to put all of our children under one roof, separating them in two divisions, males and females. We afterwards erected two buildings, and we do not intend to place more than fifty in one and seventy-five in the other.

I want to say, right here, that we Kentuckians hope this Conference will see fit at some future time to hold sessions in Louisville. I wish you would meet there next year. You will find yourselves welcome, and the fields ripe and ready for the harvest. You will find men and women there interested in this work as much as in the North. They are anxious to know the way, but do not know it; and, as Paul says, "How can they hear without a preacher?" When I awoke, this morning, the thought struck me, how can I educate my State by the result of this Conference? I thought the best thing I could do would be to order a copy of our Proceedings for every single member of our House of Representatives. They need light, and are anxious to gain knowledge on this subject. There are men in Louisville who offer land free to the State, if it will provide means to take care of neglected children. If this Conference will undertake to get at the thoughts and feelings, and educate the minds of the people of the South by sending

ocr proceedings to every Governor and Judge and journal in the South, you will then be touching the lean, you will then be striking the monster on the brain. and diminishing this hideous evl of crime, mendicancy and pauperism. But less the hearts of the people are touched in some way. I fear it will be years before pou fnd the improvement and advancement that ought to be found south of the Ohio River. Applause.]

The PRESIDENT: It is the hope of many members of this Conference that, after having held the meeting in Boston, we shecid bold the next meeting at least as far south as Louisville. The Southern States have responded admirably to our invitation, and sent some of their brightest and most intelligent men to see what we were doing here in the North; and they seem Esposed to insagurate among themselves whatever is worthy of attention and improvement.

Mrs. WOLCOTT (of Boston): Mr. Wines says if say gentleman has been overlocked it is now time to speak. I am not a gentleman, but I have been a Estener from Massachusetts. I wish to express my satisfaction at the work of the Conference, and ask them in behalf of little children, in whom I am particularly interested, to remember carefully the remark that was made yesterday by Mrs. Leonarl, to the effect that the action of the church. through its conscientions teachers and Sunday schools, often tendis to encourage pauperism. It is the experience of nearly every woman in the country towns that the conscientious desire of churches to teach poor children in their Sunday schools, and to clothe and feed them, all tends to the pauperization of poor people, by throwing the responsibility of from the parents.

I am a Bostonian, and next year your Conference meets with us. If I can show my gratitude in any way for the lessons learned and the kind attention received here, it will be a pleasure for me to do so.

STATISTICS AND FURTHER DEBATE.

After the reading of Mr. Langmuir's report on Thursday evening, the President thanked him for his graphic account of the Canadian System, and then called upon Mr. F. H. Wines to report for the Committee on Statistics, after which a general debate followed.

MR. WINES'S REPORT.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I appear now as representing the Committee on Statistics, but, as we have had so many papers, it may be some relief to you to hear a few words off-hand. I do not propose to say anything of statistics in general, their importance, or the manner in which they are obtained, or the use to be made of them; but I do want to say something (which may not interest the audience in general, but will interest the members of State Boards of Charities who are present) with regard to the present census of the defective and delinquent classes. You are aware that Gen. Walker, the Superintendent of the Census, is the Chairman of our Committee, but as he had not time to come here, I wish to explain for him the effort which has been made to secure a correct enumeration of these defective persons. There are the insane, the idiotic, the deaf and dumb, the blind; and then there are the paupers, and the indigent persons receiving aid; there are the criminal class, and all persons in prison; and, last but not least, children in institutions, or outside of them, receiving Christian care in some way or other, to prevent them from becoming paupers or criminals. Now, the census is to find out how many there are of all these, and certain things regarding them that were never inquired into before by the United States Government, nor by any other Government, at a regular census.

Take the insane for instance. We inquire not only how many there are, where they now are, where they live when at home, but, also, at what age they were first seized with insanity, how many attacks they have had, the duration of the present attack, whether they have ever received care in a hospital or asylum, and, if so, where, and how much of their life has been spent in an asylum; also, whether they are disposed to commit homicide or suicide, whether epileptic, etc. How shall we find out these facts? First, there are the blanks upon which these questions are asked, which have been furnished to every enumerator in every district in the country, and he has received special instructions in regard to the character and importance of this inquiry, and been told to search them all out; he is paid extra for these questions, being allowed only two cents a name for the ordinary business, but five cents a name for this special class. Then we have gone to work and found out every institution in the United States, Catholic or Protestant,