with their specific heat, are investigated in detail. The transmission of heat through plates and pipes, between water and water, steam and air, &c., for purposes of heating or cooling, is verified by many experimental data, which are reduced to units of performance. The physical properties of steam are deduced from the results of Regnault's experiments, with the aid of the mechanical theory of heat. A very full table of the Properties of Saturated Steam is given. The table is, for the most part, reproduced from the article "Steam," contributed by the Author to the Encyclopedia Britannica, 8th edition, and it was the first published table of the same extent, in the English language, based on Regnault's data. An original table of the properties of saturated mixtures of air and aqueous vapour is added. In the section on Combustion, new and simple formulas and data are given for the quantity of air consumed in combustion, and of the gaseous products of combustion, the heat evolved by combustion, the heating power of combustibles, and the temperature of combustion; with several tables. On Coal as a Fuel, both English and Foreign, its composition, with the results of many series of experiments on its combustion, are collected and arranged. The quantity of air consumed in its combustion, and of the gaseous products, with the total heat generated, are calculated in detail. Coke, lignite, asphalte, wood, charcoal, peat, and peat-charcoal, are similarly treated; whilst the combustible properties of tan, straw, liquid-fuels, and coal-gas, are shortly treated. The section on Strength of Materials is wholly new. The great accumulation of experimental data has been explored, and the most important results have been abstracted and tabulated. The results of the experiments of Mr. David Kirkaldy occupy the greater portion of the space, since he has contributed more, probably, than any other experimentalist to our knowledge of the Strength of Materials. The Author has investigated afresh the theory of the transverse strength and deflection of solid beams, and has deduced a new and simple series of formulas from these investigations, the truth of which has been established with remarkable force by the evidence of experiment. These investigations, based on the action of diagonal stress, throw light upon the element called by Mr. W. H. Barlow, "the resistance of flexure:" revealing, in a simple manner, the nature of that hitherto occult entity; and showing that flexure is not the cause, but the effect of the resistance. In addition to formulas for beams of the ordinary form, special formulas have been deduced for the transverse strength and deflection of railway rails, double-headed or flanged, of iron or steel; in the establishment of which he has availed himself of the important experimental data published by Mr. R. Price Williams, and by Mr. B. Baker. To our knowledge of the strength of timber, Mr. Thomas Laslett has recently made important additions, and the results of his experiments have been somewhat fully abstracted and analyzed. But woods, by their extremely variable nature, are not amenable, like wrought-iron and steel, to the unconditional application of formulas for transverse strength. The Author has, nevertheless, deduced from the evidence, certain formulas for the transverse strength and deflection of woods, with tables of constants, which, if applied with intelligence and a knowledge of the uncertainties, cannot fail to prove of utility. The Torsional Strength of Solid Bodies has also been investigated afresh, and reduced to new formulas. In dealing with the Strength of Elementary Constructions, the Author has brought together many important experimental results. In treating of rivet-joints and their employment in steam-boilers, he has, he believes, clearly developed the elements of their strength and their weakness. By a close comparison of the results of tests of cast-iron flanged beams, it is plainly shown that the ultimate strength of a cast-iron beam is scarcely affected by the proportionate size of the upper flange, and that the lower flange and the web are, practically, the only elements which regulate the strength. The tests of solid-rolled and rivetted wrought-iron joists are also analyzed; and for the strength and deflection of these, as for those of cast-iron flanged beams, new and simple rules and formulas are given. A new investigation, with appropriate formulas, is given. for the bursting strength of hollow cylinders, of whatever thickness. It is shown that the variation of stress throughout the thickness, follows a diminishing hyperbolic ratio from the inner surface towards the outer surface. The resistance of tubes and cylindrical flues to collapsing pressure is also investigated, and formulas based on the results of experience are given. On the subject of Mill-gearing, a new and compact table of the pitch, number of teeth, and diameter of toothed wheels is given, with new formulas and tables for the strength and horse-power of the teeth of wheels, and for the weight of toothed wheels. New formulas and tables are given for the driving power of leather belts, and the weight of cast-iron pulleys. For the strength of Shafting, cast-iron, wrought-iron, and steel,—a new and complete series of formulas has been constructed, comprising its resistance to transverse deflection and to torsion, with very full tables of the weight, strength, power, and span of shafting. The Evaporative Performance of Steam-boilers is exhaustively investigated with respect to the proportions of fuel, water, gratearea, and heating-surface, and the relations of these quantities are reduced to simple formulas for different types of boilers. The actual evaporative performances of boilers are abstracted in tabular form. The Performance of Steam worked expansively, in single and in compound cylinders, is exhaustively analysed by the aid of diagrams; the similarity and the dissimilarity of its action in the Woolf-engine and the Receiver-engine, are investigated; and the principles of calculation to be applied respectively to these, the leading classes of compound engines, are explained. The best working ratios of expansion are deduced from the results of numerous experiments and observations on the performance of steam-engines. The principles of Air-compressing Machines, and Compressed-air Engines are investigated, and convenient formulas and tables for use are deduced. The whole of the materials for the preparation of this work have been drawn from the best available sources, foreign as well as English. Vast stores of the results of experience are accumulated in the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and other journals. From these and other sources, the Author has drawn much of his material. 8 Buckingham Street, Adelphi, LONDON, 20th March, 1877. D. K. CLARK. NOTE ON THE FOURTH EDITION. I have thoroughly revised this book, and, besides correcting it up to date, I have introduced much new matter, which will render this edition even more valuable than the last. January, 1889. D. K. CLARK. CONTENTS. Straight Lines-Straight Lines and Circles-Circles and Rectilineal Figures-The Ellipse-The Parabola-The Hyperbola-The Cycloid and Epicycloid- The Catenary-Circles-Plane Trigonometry-Mensuration of Surfaces- Explanation of the following Tables :- Logarithms of Numbers from 1 to 10,000, Hyperbolic Logarithms of Numbers from 1.01 to 30, Numbers or Diameters of Circles, Circumferences, Areas, Squares, Cubes, Circles:Diameter, Circumference, Area, and Side of Equal Square, Sines, Cosines, Tangents, Cotangents, Secants, and Cosecants of Angles, . Logarithmic Sines, Cosines, Tangents, and Cotangents of Angles, Rhumbs, or Points of the Compass, . Reciprocals of Numbers from 1 to 1000, WATER as a Standard-Weight and Volume of pure Water-The Gallon and other Measures of Water-Pressure of Water-Sea-water-Ice and Snow-French and English Measures of Water,. AIR as a Standard-Pressure of the Atmosphere-Measures of Atmospheric Pres- Inches and their Equivalent Decimal Values in parts of a Foot-Fractional Parts of an Inch, and their Decimal Equivalents, Measures of Surface:-Superficial-Builders' Measurement-Land, Measures of Weight :- Avoirdupois-Troy-Diamond-Apothecaries'- Old Apothecaries'-Weights of Current Coins-Coal-Wool-Hay and Straw Miscellaneous Tables:-Drawing Papers-Commercial Numbers-Stationery- Measures relating to Building-Commercial Measures-Measures for Comparison of English Compound Units:-Measures of Velocity-Of Volume FRANCE The Metric Standards of Weights and Measures-Metre-Kilogramme,. 146 EQUIVALENTS of British Imperial and French Metric Weights and Measures, Measures of Length-Tables of Equivalent Values of Millimetres and Inches- Square Measures or Measures of Surface-Cubic Measures-Wood Mea- Approximate Equivalents of English and French Measures, Equivalents of French and English Compound Units of Measurement :- Weight, Pressure, and Measure-Volume, Area, and Length-Work-Heat-Speed- Old Weights and Measures in Prussia (Kingdom of)-Bavaria (Kingdom of)— Würtemberg (Kingdom of)—Saxony (Kingdom of)— Baden (Grand-duchy of) Mexico-Central America and West Indies-West Indies (British)-Cuba-Guate- Australasia :-New South Wales-Queensland-Victoria-New Zealand, &c., MONEY-BRITISH AND FOREIGN. Great Britain and Ireland:-Value, Material, and Weight of Coins-Mint Price of France: Material and Weight of French Coins, and Value in English Money, Hanse Towns (Old Monetary System of):—Hamburg, Bremen, Lubec, . Austria-Russia-Holland-Belgium-Denmark-Sweden-Norway, Switzerland-Spain-Portugal-Italy-Turkey-Greece and Ionian Islands-Malta, Egypt-Morocco-Tunis-Arabia-Cape of Good Hope, Indian Empire-China-Cochin-China-Persia-Japan-Java, |