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Because E: B:: F: D, by inversion, B: E:: D: F. But by hypothesis, A: B:: C: D, therefore, ex æquali (22. 5.), A : E :: C: F; and by composition (18. 5.), A+E : E::C+F:F. And again by hypothesis, EB:: F: D, therefore, ex æquali (22. 5.), A+E:B::C+F: D.

PROP. E. THEOR.

If four magnitudes be proportionals, the sum of the first two is to their difference as the sum of the other two to their difference.

Let A B C D; then if A7B,

A+B: A-B::C+D: C−D; or if A/B

A+B: B-A :: C+D: D-C.

For, if A7B, then because A: B:: C: D, by division (17. 5.),
A-B: B.: C-D: D, and by inversion (A. 5.),

B: A-B:: D: C-D. But, by composition (18. 5.),
A+BBC+D: D, therefore, ex æquali (22. 5.),
A+BA-B::C+D: C-D.

In the same manner, if B7 A, it is proved, that

A+B B-A :: C+D: D—C.

:

PROP. F. THEOR.

Ratios which are compounded of equal ratios, are equal to one another.

Let the ratios of A to B, and of B to C, which compound the ratio of A to C, be equal, each to each, to the ratios of D to E, and E to F, which compound the ratio of D to F, A: C :: D: F.

For, first, if the ratio of A to B be equal to that of D to E, and the ratio of B to C equal to that of E to F, ex æquali (22. 5.), A : C : : D: F.

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And next, if the ratio of A to B be equal to that of E to F, and the ratio of B to C equal to that of D to E, ex æquali inversely (23. 5.), A : C :: D : F. In the same manner may the proposition be demonstrated, whatever be the number of ratios.

PROP. G. THEOR.

If a magnitude measure each of two others, it will also measure their sum and

difference.

Let C measure A, or be contained in it a certain number of times; 9 times for instance: let C be also contained in B, suppose 5 times. Then A=9C, and B-5C; consequently A and B together must be equal to 14 times C, so that C measures the sum of A and B; likewise, since the difference of A and B is equal to 4 times C, C also measures this difference. And had any other numbers been chosen, it is plain that the results would have been similar. For, let A=mC, and B=nC; A+B=(m+n)C, and A-B= (m-n)C.

COR. If C measure B, and also A-B, or A+B, it must measure A, for the sum of B and A-B is A, and the difference of B and A+B is also A.

ELEMENTS

OF

GEOMETRY.

BOOK VI.

DEFINITIONS.

1. SIMILAR rectilineal figures are those which have their several angles equal, each to each, and the sides about the equal angles proportionals.

In two similar figures, the sides which lie adjacent to equal angles, are called homologous sides. Those angles themselves are called homologous angles. In different circles, similar arcs, sectors, and segments, are those of which the arcs subtend equal angles at the centre. equal figures are always similar; but two similar figures may be very unequal.

Two

2. Two sides of one figure are said to be reciprocally proportional to two sides of another, when one of the sides of the first is to one of the sides of the second, as the remaining side of the second is to the remaining side of the first.

3. A straight line is said to be cut in extreme and mean ratio, when the whole is to the greater segment, as the greater segment is to the less.

4. The altitude of a triangle is the straight line drawn from its vertex perpendicular to the base. The altitude of a parallelogram is the perpendicular which measures the distance of two opposite sides, taken as bases. And the altitude of a trapezoid is the perpendicular drawn between its two parallel sides.

PROP. I. THEOR.

Triangles and parallelograms, of the same altitude, are one to another as their

bases.

Let the triangles ABC, ACD, and the parallelograms EC, CF have the same altitude, viz. the perpendicular drawn from the point A to BD: Then,

as the base BC, is to the base CD, so is the triangle ABC to the triangle ACD, and the parallelogram EC to the parallelogram CF.

EA F

Produce BD both ways to the points H, L, and take any number of straight lines BG, GH, each equal to the base BC; and DK, KL, any number of them, each equal to the base CD; and join AG, AH, AK, AL. Then, because CB, BG, GH are all equal, the triangles AHG, AGB, ABC are all equal (32. 1.); Therefore, whatever multiple the base HC is of the base BC, the same multiple is the triangle AHC of the triangle ABC. For the same reason, whatever the base LC is of the base CD, the same multiple is the triangle ALC of the triangle ADC. But if the base HC be equal to the base CL, the triangle AHC is also equal to the triangle ALC (32. 1.): and if the base HC be greater than the base CL, likewise the triangle AHC is greater than the triangle ALC; and if less, less. Therefore, since there

HGB C D K L

are four magnitudes, viz. the two bases BC, CD, and the two triangles ABC, ACD; and of the base BC and the triangle ABC, the first and third, any equimultiples whatever have been taken, viz. the base HC, and the triangle AHC; and of the base CD and triangle ACD, the second and fourth, have been taken any equimultiples whatever, viz. the base CL and triangle ALC; and since it has been shewn, that if the base HC be greater than the base CL, the triangle AHC is greater than the triangle ALC; and if equal, equal; and if less, less; Therefore (def. 5. 5.), as the base BC is to the base CD, so is the triangle ABC to the triangle ACD.

And because the parallelogram CE is double of the triangle ABC (35. 1.), and the parallelogram CF double of the triangle ACD, and because magnitudes have the same ratio which their equimultiples have (15. 5.); as the triangle ABC is to the triangle ACD, so is the parallelogram EC to the parallelogram CF. And because it has been shewn, that, as the base BC is to the base CD, so is the triangle ABC to the triangle ACD; and as the triangle ABC to the triangle ACD, so is the parallelogram EC to the parallelogram CF; therefore, as the base BC is to the base CD, so is (11. 5.) the parallelogram EC to the parallelogram CF.

COR. From this it is plain, that triangles and parallelograms that have equal altitudes, are to one another as their bases.

Let the figures be placed so as to have their bases in the same straight line; and having drawn perpendiculars from the vertices of the triangles to the bases, the straight line which joins the vertices is parallel to that in which their bases are (27. 1.), because the perpendiculars are both equal and parallel to one another. Then, if the same construction be made as in the proposition, the demonstration will be the same.

PROP. II. THEOR.

If a straight line be drawn parallel to one of the sides of a triangle, it will cut the other sides, or the other sides produced, proportionally: And if the sides, or the sides produced, be cut proportionally, the straight line which joins the points of section will be parallel to the remaining side of the triangle.

Let DE be drawn parallel to BC, one of the sides of the triangle ABC: BD is to DA as CE to EA.

Join BE, CD; then the triangle BDE is equal to the triangle CDE (31. 1.), because they are on the same base DE and between the same parallels DE, BC: but ADE is another triangle, and equal magnitudes have, to the same, the same ratio (7. 5.); therefore, as the triangle BDE to the triangle ADE, so is the triangle CDE to the triangle ADE; but as the triangle BDE to the triangle ADE, so is (1. 6.) BD to DA, because, having the same altitude, viz. the perpendicular drawn from the point E to AB, they are to one another as their bases; and for the same reason, as the triangle CDE to the triangle ADE, so is CE to EA. Therefore, as BD to DA, so is CE to EA (11. 5.).

Next, let the sides AB, AC of the triangle ABC, or these sides produced,

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be cut proportionally in the points D, E, that is, so that BD be to DA, as CE to EA, and join DE; DE is parallel to BC.

The same construction being made, because as BD to DA, so is CE to EA; and as BD to DA, so is the triangle BDE to the triangle ADE (1. 6.): and as CE to EA, so is the triangle CDE to the triangle ADE; therefore the triangle BDE, is to the triangle ADE, as the triangle CDE to the triangle ADE; that is, the triangles BDE, CDE have the same ratio to the triangle ADE; and therefore (9. 5.) the triangle BDE is equal to the triangle CDE: And they are on the same base DE; but equal triangles on the same base are between the same parallels (33. 1.); therefore DE is parallel to BC.

PROP. III. THEOR.

If the angle of a triangle be bisected by a straight line which also cuts the base ; the segments of the base shall have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another; And if the segments of the base have the same ratio which the other sides of the triangle have to one another, the straight line drawn from the vertex to the point of section, bisects the vertical angle.

Let the angle BAC, of any triangle ABC, be divided into two equal angles, by the straight line AD; BD is to DC as BA to AC.

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A

Through the point C draw CE parallel (Prob. 13. 1.) to DA, and let BA produced meet ĈE in E. Because the straight line AC meets the parallels AD, EC, the angle ACE is equal to the alternate angle CAD (21. 1.) : But CAD, by the hypothesis, is equal to the angle BAD; wherefore BAD is equal to the angle ACE. Again, because the straight line BAE meets the parallels AD, EC, the exterior angle BAD is equal to the interior and opposite angle AEC; But the angle ACE has been proved equal to the angle BAD; therefore also ACE is equal to the angle AEC, and consequently the side AE is equal to the side (4. 1.) AC. And because AD is drawn parallel to one of the sides of the triangle BCE, viz. to EC, BD is

B

D

to DC, as BA to AE (2. 6.); but AE is equal to AC; therefore, as BD to DC, so is BA to AC (7. 5.).

Next, let BD be to DC, as BA to AC, and join AD; the angle BAC is divided into two equal angles, by the straight line AD.

The same construction being made because, as BD to DC, so is BA

to AC; and as BD to DC, so is BA to AE (2. 6.), because AD is parallel to EC: therefore AB is to AC, as AB to AE (11. 5.): Consequently AC is equal to AE (9. 5.), and the angle AEC is therefore equal to the angle ACE (3. 1.). But the angle AEC is equal to the exterior and opposite angle BAD; and the angle ACE is equal to the alternate angle CAD (21. 1:): Wherefore also the angle BAD is equal to the angle

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CAD: Therefore the angle BAC is cut into two equal angles by the straight

line AD.

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