leaving the number of persons in the home, number of rooms, the modern conveniences noted, source of water supply, newspapers and magazines taken, and what diseases physical defects were noticeable. After getting all these slips from their visitors, t committees of five were asked to fill out a questionnaire summing up the conditions turning them into the office with one question answered, What is the greatest neei your township? Representatives of each of these seventeen committees were invited to a luncheon in Portsmouth to meet the executive committee of the chap As a result, the chapter decided to extend its service to include civilian families and purchase two Fords for travel, to employ a trained nurse for school inspection, a Jui Red Cross secretary, a visiting housekeeper, in addition to the executive secretary, to launch the strongest possible program to meet the needs revealed by this prelimin study.

A trachoma survey was the first big undertaking. The State Board of He sent a federal doctor in uniform and a state doctor to examine the eyes of all the sch children. These doctors and the Red Cross worker in the Ford Sedan traveled e rocks, hills, and dales until the eyes of all the school children of the county were spected. The results as totaled were:

It is significant to note that trachoma was practically seven times as prevalent an the country children as among those of the city, and it might be remarked here: wherever comparative studies have been made, it is found that the percentage of f cal defects of every kind among children runs very much higher in rural sections: in cities.

That was a most enlightening survey along many lines besides trachoma. the one hundred and forty-nine who were found to be affected with the disease, 6 cent were brought to Portsmouth with the aid of the township committees and open upon at the dispensary. "Aid of committees" is mentioned because of their kind and generosity in offering and using auto and other transportation means, and for loyalty in their support of the idea, and their correction of any false impressions The last report showed 132 cases operated upon.

During these days many defective children were seen-hare-lipped ones, nearsighted, feebleminded, under nourished-but one unfailing thing was noted. a moral defective was always possessed of one or more physical defects, and one ph defect was often accompanied by another. In this early stage of the work, be parents and children were so ready to misunderstand, the nurse who did the inspection was often accompanied by the junior secretary who gave health talk drills to the children who would become so enthused in singing songs, planning gardens or "swat the fly" campaigns that they did not care if the nurse did look their throats, though occasionally a dash was made for the door and out a you would run, yelling, "My paw said I was to come home if you tried to look at me." parent said the doctors had told her that her children had eye disease, "so she

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ttin' the doctors cut on her children, and she wasn't lettin' the schools ruin their res, she was just keepin' them out of school so their eyes would be taken keer of." ne of the township trustees admitted that his son could not see unless he held his ok right against his face, but said he had gotten him a pair of glasses at the ten cent ore, and when he got old enough to take care of them he would get him a better pair. father reported that he had four children and that since his wife had died, the ninear-old daughter could go to school one week, and the ten-year-old one the folllowing ek, but that both could not go all the time because one of them had to stay home and epare dinner for the one who went to school and take care of the seven- and fivear-old children. A twelve-year-old youngster was promised some clothing if she uld attend school regularly. She got the clothes, but still her absence was reported the teacher. Investigation showed that her older brother who had been sent home dm work on account of smallpox had slept at home in the one and only bed he owned, h this sister, his wife, his two-year-old child and a two-month-old baby. So all now te the disease.

The Director of the Child Welfare Committee of the Ohio State Department of Sealth sent school questionnaires to the Woman's City Club of Portsmouth which she theed them to fill out, grading the schools and yards as to their conditions and giving >mmendations. In the rural sections these were filled out by the Red Cross workers, ocal people selected by them, and a discussion of conditions found was held at a munity meeting later. Only one jacket stove per hundred was found, and the et conditions were deplorable. The drinking water was often quite difficult to get, schools having water near the building. Attendance was poor, such as forty-one lled and fifteen present; twenty-one enrolled, five present, etc.

Ofttimes children were sent to school insufficiently fed. Many a home was visited re tiny youngsters were found with a hunk of cold mush in their hands, and the pation was received to "Pull up your cheer, and set to," to a meal of soggy biscuit h cooked in a skillet after being made of flour and water with no shortening or ng powder, fried cabbage, soggy beans and sour blackberries. Nine times out of vas this same meal put before the family case worker with the remark that, "Beans 'ful fillin', and I'm sure you can eat onct what we eats all through the year." The ds showed many defects in the children examined at school by the nurse. While umber of defective teeth was the largest item, tonsilar and adenoid troubles were seconds. Many children were found who would be permanently handicapped s in some way the parents could be persuaded to allow them to have medical care. The Hempstead Academy of Physicians was visited and there the consent of all of rty-five members was obtained to give one child per month free medical or surgical The Dental Board was visited, and all its members agreed to give one hour a h to such children as were referred by the Red Cross workers, after due investigathat could not otherwise secure dental care. In this way, numerous children have cured of handicaps, 135 have been operated on for trachoma, 103 have had their s and adenoids removed, hare-lipped children have been operated on, and crippled have been helped. Many adults have also received treatment. As fast as a bed ilable at a tubercular sanatorium, a patient is sent to be placed in it.

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To case is handled without a home investigation being made, a history card filled n effort toward raising home standards put forth, and on day sheet and in the record kept of all steps taken in the case.

Believing that education is the main channel to the permanent correction of such ills, all available educational facilities were employed. One of the most effective was found to be the community sing. The purpose of these "Sings" was principally a "get together," that the local people might know each other better and think and plan co-operatively through the medium of this form of recreation. In the afternoon games were played until it became too dark, then the lights of the machines were focused on music charts, made on painter's oil cloth, painted with black letters and rolled on a stick. Songs selected were choruses principally of popular and patriotic music. Readings, solos, and speeches varied the community singing and instructed the crowds which always gathered. Those who went from the city to furnish the program were educated in the peace program work of the Red Cross as well as those who heard it. Not less than 250 persons in the space of three months volunteered either to be on such a program as a reader, speaker, or musician, or to be a play leader, teaching such games as volley ball, quoits, basket-ball, or ring games, or to be a driver of an automobile. Ninetythree of such community sings and play days have been held in the county. Among these volunteer workers were the five or more committee members of each of the seventeen townships, all of the doctors and dentists of the city and county, many lawyers who served as notaries, dozens of prominent speakers of every profession, musicians, readers, play leaders, automobile owners, makers of surgical dressings for the clinics held each Tuesday, and the servers in the production department making or remaking hundreds of garments.

That the organization has been effective is evidenced first, by the fact that a great volume of work is being carried on by the assistants, though the executive secretary has now been away for seven months; second, folks who once ignorantly referere, now ask for it; third, attitudes have changed from antagonistic to appreci being frequently brought to the office. Those who are too poor to even own clothing have said, "We'll save a dollar for the Red Cross becaus without it."

DIVISION V-INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC

PROBLEMS

SOCIAL STANDARDS FOR INDUSTRY

REVIEW AND FORECAST

Owen R. Lovejoy, General Secretary, National Child Labor Committee, New York Ten years ago a committee on standards of living and labor presented to the tional Conference of Social Work a series of recommendations as an outline of social ndards for industry, a group of standards under which it was believed a nation might be to live and prosper without imposing injustice or sapping the vitality of any of children.

The realization of these standards seemed reasonably simple at that time. We 1 asked only for a national extension of conditions already existing in fragmentary iples here and there. We recalled the traditional definition of America as the counwhere we are always repeating our mistakes only on a larger scale. It was our ef that this could be changed and America could become a country where we have courage and sense to repeat our successful experiments only on a larger scale. We not ask much, we studiously avoided flights into the realm of idealism, and stubily kept our feet on the ground. No demand was made for luxuries for those whose r produces our wealth. We did not ask for the sharing of our rapidly amassing ines; for the housing of our population in palaces; for the tender and carefree easing Id age into a happy peaceful twilight earned by years of hard and fruitful toil. we did claim-and proved the claim-that a country whose resources had scarcely touched, whose creative genius had already topped the world's record and revoluzed the processes of industry, could afford to be nationally decent. First, specifically we called upon the people whose history was yet largely to be en, to guarantee either by the laws of the various states or if necessary by federal minimum wage that should secure a living to all industrial workers and we spelly defined a living wage.

Second, we demanded the adoption of an eight-hour day, and a six-day week for orkers and the prohibition of night work to all minors.

Third, we demanded an investigation by the federal government of all industries a view to establishing minimum standards of safety and health including the proon of the manufacturing of poisonous articles dangerous to the life of the worker, ever harmless substitutes were possible; the regulations of employment of women ninors according to hazard; and systems of standardization inspection. Fourth, we demanded the right to a home free from extortionate taxation and from vasion of industrial manufacture; a home for every family.

`ifth, we demanded the prohibition from wage-earning occupations of all children sixteen years of age; reasonable regulation of conditions of employment of n; and social care of the unemployable.

Sixth and finally, we demanded some effective system of compensation to industrial workers for industrial accidents, involuntary unemployment, disease, sickness, invalidity, and old age.

This was a humble enough program in all conscience. It was a plan outlining an organization of industry on a national scale and on a business basis. It was at once endorsed by some of America's most clear-visioned and far-sighted business men as well as numerous groups of workers. It enjoyed almost immediate adoption by a political group fused in a fire of social progressiveness and was made the slogan of a campaign which cut through the barriers of old political tradition, trampled cheerfully on old political parties and for a time seemed to promise a reorganization of government administration and local practice.

It is not for us to attempt to analyze the complex cause of its early collapse as a political enterprise. Perhaps the long-honored tradition that the purpose of franchise in America is the achievement of party victory rather than the realization of vital principles, had something to do with the withdrawal of one after another of these standard bearers and their being sucked again into one or the other of the old "orthodox" groups that have so long lived upon their past and kept the bulk of our people divided on high sounding but imaginary issues. We merely record the fact. We leave the dead to rest in peace. But the principles for which we then stood have not died and we have courage to believe cannot die until they have served their mission and lifted us to new levels of achievement and opened new vistas of opportunity. We shall hear directly from those who have been actively enlisted in an attempt to realize these standards, what progress or retrogression-the past decade has brought. Let us not forget that we have just passed through the most significant and dramatic decade in our history if not indeed in the story of human life. The forces at work have been both integrating and disintegrating.

Among the events which stand out in bold relief and need to be viewed as historic perspective will view them we must mention the following:

who vote

The world has passed through its most stupendous test of dominion by battle. An irreparable sacrifice of human life has been laid on the altar of t god of war, by the ruthless hand of imperial ambition. National boundari wiped out and drawn anew. Empires that were deemed invulnerable have tered and from their fragments new states have been born. The glory of departed and a sick world has begun to register its vote against another inte. deluge of blood. Political sages who fanned the flame of hatred from the safe d. of the editorial room, the pulpit, the diplomatic star chamber, and the parliame sanctuary of old men have been answered by the youth from the field who declare have had enough. The reasonable demand is being voic human slaughter should henceforth vote from the trenche is not to say a victory of peace has been won. As yet world cannot again be fooled into an even greater cont rule in the halls of council. Diplomacy is still as secret called peace has been projected by the same group that mac nations. War to end war is already regarded as a grueson diplomacy are still the rich but primitive political regions of t In all this we have played and still play a prominent part. extent by politics, by ambition, cupidity, and timorous patrioti

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