P. sordidana.-Abundant where sallows are growing in damp places on the sand hills. July, August.

Genus EPHIPPIPHORA, Dup.

E. dissimilana, Fr. R.-Plentiful on young birches beyond Hooton, and at Simonswood.

E. scutulana.-Plentiful where thistles grow. May.

E. brunnichiana, W. V.-Common on coltsfoot.

E. trigeminana, Steph.-Abundant on clay banks around Birkenhead, &c. E. ephippana, Hb.-Abundant at Crosby on the sallows.

Genus OLINDA, Guen.

O. ulmana, Hb.-Upton and Parkgate, old hedges. July.

Genus SEMASIA, Guen.

S. janthinana.-Not scarce at Wallasey. July.

Genus Coccyx, Tr.

C. splendidulana, Guen.-Very few taken in the district. The pine covered hills from Bidston to Stourton have produced me about six specimens. Cargyrana, Hub.-Oak woods abundant. April.

C. hercyniana, Bect.-Plentiful where silver firs grow, Croxteth park, &c. May.

C. vacciniana, Tisch.-Formerly not scarce at Flaybrick hill.

Genus RETINIA, Guen.

P. buoliana, W. V.--Small firs at Jackson wood and Bidston. July.

R. pinicolana, Doub.-More plentiful than buoliana in the same locality,

and at Prenton.

R. pinivorana, Zell.-In company with the two last species, but generally wasted when they are fine.

Genus STIGMANOTA, Guen.

S. coniferana, Rat.-Fir woods in Cheshire, especially where they have been burnt.

S. perlepidana Haw.-Rough plantation near Hooton. April, May.

S. composana, Fab.-Eastham wood. May.

S. floricolana.-Hargrave Hall, on the large sycamore tree at the end of the house. Freely. July.

S. germerana, Hub.?-Around Tranmere, in old lanes amongst sloe bushes.

Genus DICRORAMPHA, Guen.

D. politana, W. V.-On grassy banks near Rock Ferry. June.

D. petiverana, Lin.-On grassy banks near New Brighton, when the sun is out. Plentiful. July.

D. plumbagana, Tr.-Borders of swampy places on Bidston marsh, evening. June, July.

D. caliginosana, Tr.-Ditch past the gate in Croxteth park, a little beyond R. Wright's farm. July.

D artemesiana, Bent.-Abundant where tansey grows. June and July.

Genus PYRODES, Guen.

P, rheediana, Lin.-Edge lane, Oxon, and Upton. April morning. Is a sun flier.

Genus CATOPTRIA, Guen.

C. ulicitana, Haw.-Wherever gorse grows.

O. hypericana, Hub.-Waste lands near Flaybrick hill, and wherever Hypercum grows.

C. hohenwarthiana, W. V.-Plentiful near old ponds in pastures. May, June.

Genus CHOREATES, Tr.

C. scintillulana, Hub.-Quarry at Wallasey, near Poulton Bridge.

Genus SIMATHIS, Leach.

S. fabriciana, Lin.-Where nettles grow.

Genus EUPECELIA, Steph.

E. atricapitana, Steph.-Freely around the sand hills. May, July, August. E. maculosana, Haw.-On the blue hyacinth flowers in Eastham wood. May.

E. angustana, Hub.-Where gorse grows. Summer.

E. affinitana, Doug.-On marshy places all around the district. June.

E. humidana, Fv. R.-Bidston and Ditton marshes. July.

E. roseana, Haw.-Bred from teazle heads which grow upon Bidston marsh.

E. ruficiliana, Haw. -Stourton quarry, Wallasey Pool.

Genus XANTHOSETIA, Steph.

X. zoegana, Lin.-Plentiful on pasture land. July. Dusk.

X. hamana.-Always with zoegana.

Genus CHROSIS, Guen.

C. tesserana, W. V.-Woolton and Garston old pastures.

Genus ARGYROLEPIA, Step.

A. baumaniana, W. V.-Bidston plantation. August.

A. badiana, Hub.-Same place. July.

A. cnicana, Doub.-Bidston marsh. July.

Genus COCHYLIS, Tr.

C. smeathmanniana, Fab.-Very rarely seen. Old wet grass lands. July. C. stramineana, Haw.-Abundant in grass lands. June, July.

Genus APHELIA, Curt.

A. pratana.-Abundant everywhere. July, August.

Genus TORTRICODES, Guen.

T. hyemana, Hub. -Swarms in oak woods. April.

End of TORTRICES.

THE PEOPLE OF THE ENGLISH LAKE COUNTRY, THEIR ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CHARACTER.

By A. Craig Gibson, Esq.

(READ 7TH MAY, 1857.)

Of that romantic tract of country now so well known as the lake district, the earliest inhabitants of whom any distinct traces remain, whether in history, tradition, archæology, or local nomenclature, were a Celtic tribe, who, it is supposed, effected a settlement in this part of England about four centuries before the Christian era. To these earliest colonists, called by some authorities, Hiberno Celts, is attributed the erection of the most important of those monuments of British Antiquity in which the district abounds. They have also left numerous proofs of their occupation of the country in the names of parishes, villages, mountains, lakes, and rivers.

A century or two later the exact date being uncertain-another tribe, thought to be Cambro-Celts, also appear to have established themselves in the lake country; and of them, likewise, very distinct traces still exist in the nomenclature of the district. These were probably joined from time to time by other colonists of the same race, and this region was possessed most likely by all these conjointly up to the period of the Roman occupation, which was effected about the middle of the second century. One of the most acute and best informed of those writers who have lately turned their attention to the ethnology of Cumberland and Westmorland, as indicated in the local etymology—I mean Mr. Sullivan, of Kendal-discovers, in the signification of certain names of places, proof that the Romans were not allowed to take unopposed possession even of this remote and comparatively poor portion of Britain; and their many strongholds, including encampments so extensive that Camden calls the remains of that at Ambleside "the carcass, as it were, of an ancient city," with the numerous smaller forts connecting those, and forming chains of communication in all directions throughout the district, shew that they had to hold

their ground chiefly by the strong hand. It is only in history and in archæology that proofs of the Roman occupation of this district are found. The habit of that people of adopting the native names of places, merely softening them a little to suit their own more fastidious ears, accounts for the fact that, with the exception of one or two "casters," there are few names to which even a partially latin etymology can be assigned.

After the evacuation of the country by the Romans, whether that were voluntary or compulsory, it is probable that the inhabitants of the lake country suffered severely from the inroads of the Picts and Scots. That they were ever entirely subjugated or supplanted by those less civilized races is not probable. But, after the coming of the Saxons to within a little more than a century of the Norman conquest, it would seem that the Britons of the lakes were alternately subject to, and independent of, that people, and occasionally occupied the same territory with them on terms of comparative amity, as may be inferred from many names of places being compounded of British and Saxon words. Their subjugation by the Saxons is certain; for in the seventh century, as is well known, the Saxon king of Northumbria made over to St. Cuthbert, Carlisle and the country fifteen miles round it, which territory approaches pretty nearly to the northern confines of the lakes, while at the southern extremity of the district he gave him Cartmel, a tract of country at the foot of Windermere, and all the Britons upon it. We know also, that at the same period a Saxon priest, St. Herbert, lived unmolested in his hermitage upon the island in Derwentwater, which still bears his name. The story of the friendship of this recluse with St. Cuthbert, of their annual meetings, and coincident death, forms a very beautiful chapter in our ancient chronicles. In later times, forty days' indulgence was granted to all who attended the annual celebration of mass on St. Herbert's isle, instituted in commemoration of these two saints.

That the Britons of the lakes threw off the Saxon yoke is proved by the fact, that in the tenth century Cumbria, including Strathclyde and Galloway, was ruled by a British prince, Dunmail, who, in 945, was defeated in a decisive battle by the Saxon Edmund, aided, strangely enough, by Leoline, king of South Wales. Some historians, and all traditions, say that the last British king of Cumberland was slain, with most of his army, and buried where he fell. The vast cairn heaped over him, through which