destroyed, he took the direct road to Oldenburg to annoy the Brunswickers during their embarkation, The detachment at Bremen learned his movements at noon, and immediately proceeded to join their comrades on the Hunta. Reubell, on his way, forming an erroneous opinion from the many contradictory reports which he heard, conceived that the baggage only had been sent to the Hunta, and that the legion itself was gone to Bremen, he therefore left the Oldenburg road, and advanced towards that city; consequently, he encountered the detachment on their way to the Hunta; and this little body he might easily have destroyed, if his previous misconception of their force had not occasioned a pause before he began the attack. They seized the favourable moment, swam the Linda and the Ochta, and reaching the shore with a trifling loss, left the astonished pursuers gazing on the further bank.

By eleven the next morning ships enough had been got ready, and the troops immediately embarked, put off, and anchored at Tedderwachren, opposite the Danish battery of Bremerlee, waiting for the duke, who, having superintended the embarkation both of men and provisions, was the last to go on board, and could not join that night. The next day the wind was less favourable, and he did not arrive near Bremerlee till the afternoon. One of the ships came to meet him, and said they expected the Danes would fire upon them, for their guns were mounted. This he hardly believed; but even if such were their intention there was no alternative, and he gave orders to pass the batteries whatever the consequence might be. Here too, as in the case of Romana's troops, the Danes disgraced themselves by their zeal in fa

vour of the French. Not content with firing from the batteries, they brought their guns out, and followed the ships a mile along the shore, firing at them whenever the contrary wind compelled them to approach the land in tacking. Luckily their skill was less than their malice, and every ball fell far beyond its mark. The duke, during this perilous passage, encouraged the crew of his ship both by his words, and by assisting himself in working the vessel; and when the enemy had given up all hopes of sink. ing him, he observed, upon going down to his cabin, that if they were no better marksmen, they might play the same game again.

Intheevening he reached the mouth of the Weser, and, to his joy, discovered the English flag at a distance, and a squadron making towards him. An officer had been dispatched from Elsfleth to Heligoland to announce his approach, and Lord George Stuart immediately made sail to take the troops on board his ships, if necessary, and give them every support which they might need. Strangers as the English and Brunswickers were, not merely in person but in language to each other, they met with cordial greeting, like men who were engaged in the same good cause; and amid all the disasters of the continent, it was still a proud reflection for British seamen, that their supremacy upon the ocean had secured an asylum for a brave and injured prince, who was the nephew of their king, the brother of their future queen, and the uncle of that princess who was one day to be the sovereign of Great Britain. Had all the Germans done their duty like Brunswick, and those of his legion, who were found faithful to the last, the deliverance of Germany and of Europe would have been accomplish

ed. They excuse themselves by arraigning England for neglect. Had 4 or 5000 British, they say, landed on the Elbe, and 10,000 in East Frieseland, that country, part of Holland, Hanover, and all Westphalia would have risen in arms. One Hanoverian general, they affirm, supplied with money and arms from England, might certainly have collected fourscore thousand men; and the failure of all the insurrections which were attempted, they peremptorily ascribe to the want of the sanction and protection of England. True it is, that

we must take shame to ourselves for the deplorable manner in which our efforts were so blindly wasted, but Germany will not, on this account, be acquitted by impartial posterity. The Germans were found wanting. Only a handful of men devoted themselves for their country, and they will be remembered with honour. One people, indeed, among its numerous nations, did their duty to the utmost, with a virtue which has never been surpassed. The history of their ef forts is now to be recorded.

Or all the subjects of Austria, the inhabitants of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg were the least misgoverned, and had therefore been always the most attached to their sovereign. When Frederick, the founder of the Tyrol line of the Austrian family, abjectly yielded up himself and all his possessions to the Emperor Sigismund, even then these mountaineers continued faithful to him; they fortified their passes, set the imperial troops at defiance, and preserved for the house of Hapsburg a country, and a race of people, of which that thankless and unfeeling house was utterly unworthy. Frederick rewarded them by the imposition of heavy taxes, and the only monument which he left among them was the copper roof of his chancery at Inspruck, which he gilded over, as a foolish proof that he no longer deserved the appellation of Frederick the Pennyless. During the war of the Spanish succession, the French entered the Tyrol on one side, and the Bavarians on the other, at a time when there were no troops in the country to defend it; but the

inhabitants blocked up their passes, broke down bridges, and prevented their junction; nor was there a single man among them who could be bribed to carry intelligence from one army to the other, impossible as it was to guard all the paths among the mountains. In those days, a super. stition prevailed in Germany that there were certain spells which could render a man invulnerable by fire arms. The Bavarian General, Berita, was reputed to be one of these frozen men, as they were called; the Tyrolese, despairing of killing him by or dinary means, hammered him to death, and the spot where they accomplish ed this feat was long pointed out with exultation. In 1744, their country again became the seat of war, and the French, then in alliance with Prussia, invaded it. With their ne ver-failing patriotism, the people rose against them; a chain of fires along the mountains was the signal of insurrection; the women drove away the cattle to the recesses of their Alps; the men took arms, and supplied the want of cannon (like the Catalans in

the present war,) with the trunks of trees, which they hooped with iron. The French were compelled to retire, but before they left the Tyrol, they wracked their vengeance in one district with that cruel spirit which has, in all ages, manifested it self through the deceitful courteousness of the French character. This so enraged the peasantry of all the adjoining parts, that they assembled with scythes, sickles, axes, pitchforks, and clubs, any thing with which vengeance could be inflicted serving as a weapon, and they put to death every Frenchman who fell into their hands. The remembrance of that bloody vengeance, and of the crimes by which it was provoked, were still fresh among them, and their hatred of the French was a rooted and hereditary feeling at the commencement of the revolution, when it appeared so little probable that their peaceful hills and vales were to be made scenes of horror in consequence of that calamitous event.

It was a saying of the Emperor Maximilian, that the Tyrol was like a peasant's frock, coarse indeed, but right warm. In 1780, the revenue which the state derived from it was about three millions of florins; of which 300,000 came from the salt works at Halle. The silver and copper works at Schwass were some of the most productive things in the he reditary dominions. The population was then estimated at 600,000, of which a very small proportion was collected in towns. Inspruck, the capital, contained not more than 14,000 inhabitants. Both this city and Bossen were formerly celebrated for their large fairs, till the customs ruined them. The Tyrolese cursed the customs; but it must have been by their own fault that this vexation was

VOL. II. PART I.

introduced among them, for the peasants of the Tyrol formed the fourth order of the states, without their consent no impost could be levied, and all decrees contained a proviso, signed by the emperor, that what was there enacted should be without prejudicing the privileges of the province. They were a free people, and had remained so under one of the most oppressive dynasties in Christendom. Among their mountains an asylum was found in the worst ages of persecution. Many of the Waldenses took refuge there: In the latter part of the 17th century, the Bishop of Brixen, and the Archbishop of Saltzburg discovered that the posterity of these good men continued in the faith of their fathers, which was neither Lutheran nor Calvinist, and therefore not within the letter of the law, which had been compelled to tolerate these two main sects of the reformers. The prelates ordered them to go to mass, and in the year 1681, 20,000 people left their native country, though the Tyrolese love it with that passionate feeling of local attachment which is peculiar to mountaineers; and went to seek for liberty of conscience in the protestant states of Germany and Switzerland. One whole valley was entirely deserted, not an individual remaining.

These days were past, and there did not exist in Europe a freer and happier people than the Tyrolese. Their industry was unaccompanied with any of those evils, which, in the present state of the manufacturing system, poison the great population of a manufacturing country. In summer, they rear silk-worms, and cultivate hemp, flax, and tobacco. Many of them, like the Irish, in summer, emigrate for the season, they leave their homes with a hurdy-gurdy, a 2 s

knapsack, and a stock of oaten bread, and when autumn is closing, return with the profits of their summer's toil. These yearly emigrants were estimated at not less than 30,000. Those who went upon trading speculations, had usually partners at home, and the manner in which their accounts were settled, marks the probity of the nation. As soon as the adventurer returned his partners were summoned, he emptied his bag of money, and the contents were divided according to their respective shares, and this was a final and sufficient settlement. During the winter, while the snow and the torrents block them up in their villages, every house exhibits a scene of delightful industry; the women spin, or knit, or embroider; and men and boys are employed in making boxes, instrument cases, and toys, which find their way not only to most parts of Europe, but even to America. Rude instruments and little skill suffice for these rude works; there are whole villages inhabited by statuaries, whose best production is a clumsy RomanCatholic idol. They have, however, great practical skill in mechanics, and avail themselves of their rivulets for every purpose to which the powers of water can be applied. Every peasant has a mill, which in some houses serves not merely to grind the corn, but also to rock the cradle.

Before the revolutionary war, the men raised in the Tyrol were thought to be the most wretched of the emperor's troops;-probably they felt like men who had been trained up in principles and habits of freedom, and therefore were ill fitted to submit to the detestable discipline of the Austrian army. Yet it was acknowledged that they defended their country better than any other people, and this was

not merely because their country was so defensible, but because they loved it so ardently, the Tyrolese being not less subject to home-sickness than the Swiss. Certain however it is, that since the Emperor Francis in evil hour commenced hostilities against the French republic, they have proved not only his most faithful subjects, but his best soldiers. In 1796, they repelled the enemy; in 1799, drove Massena out of the Vorarlberg with great loss. In 1801, they and all the adjoining mountaineers rose in such numbers upon the French, (provoked almost to madness by their ac cursed atrocities towards the women) and carried on the war against them with such determined animosity, that had the emperor not been frightened into the preliminaries of Leoben,there is every reason to believe Buonaparte and his army might then have been destroyed. The only complaint they then made against their government was, that they were prevented by this treaty from taking vengeance for themselves, when the means were in their hands.

In the war of 1805, their exertions were not less patriotic, and not less successful. Thrice they defeated Ney, and the Bavarians, now the first open traitors to Germany, were not more fortunate in their invasion of this devoted country. When Buonaparte dictated the peace of Presburg, he demanded the cession of the Tyrel and Vorarlberg; and the Emperor Francis, who ought rather to have laid down his life, consented, making a futile stipulation, that the inhabitants should continue to enjoy their ancient privileges. After stripping them of all the contributions which his rapa cious generals could levy, the Corsi can transferred them over to his vas sal King of Bavaria. That wretch,