READINGS IN GERMAN.-IV.

4. Der Morgentraum.
Dair mor'-ghen-troum.

Ein kleiner Knabe, Namens Leopold, fam bes Morgens Ine kli-ner knah'-bai, nah'-menss ley'-o-polt, kahm dess mor'-ghenss hernicter aus seinem Schlafkämmerlein und weinte bitterlich, herr-nee-der ouss zi'-nem shlahf-kem-mer-line dont vine'-tai bit'ter-lly, also daß ihm die Thränen über die Wangen liefen. Sein Vater al'-zo dass eem dee trey'-nen ü"-ber dee vang'-en lee'-fen. Zine fah'-ter aber und seine Mutter traten bestürzt hinzu, benn sie ah'-ber oont zi'-nai moot'-ter trah'-ten bai-shtürtst' hin-tsoo', den zee meinten, es sei dem Kinte ein großes Nebel begegnet, oter mine'-ten, ess zi daim kin'-dai ine gro'-ssess ù"-bel bai-geyg'-net, o'-der es sei frank und empfinde heftige Schmerzen und Reißen im ess zi krank õõnt em-pfin'-dai hef-ti-gai shmerr'-tsen dont ri'-ssen im Gliedern. Haupt over in den Und fie fragten das Kind, und houpt o'-der in dain glee'-dern. Ŏont zee frahdh'-ten dass kint, dont sprachen: Liebes Kind, was fehlet tir, wer hat bir was zu shprah-den: Lee'-bess kint, vass fey'-let deer, veyr hat deer vass tsoo Leite gethan? Da that das Kind seinen Mund auf und sprach: li'-dai gai-tahn'? Dah taht dass kint zi-nen mõõnt ouf õõnt shprahch: Ach ich hatte vorber zwölf niedliche weiße Schäfchen, und ach tý hat-tai fore-heyr' tswölf neet'-liy-yai vi'-ssai sheyf-yen, õõnt fie gingen um mich her unb leckten mir die Hand, und ich zee ghing'-en oom miý heyr ŏont leck'-ten meer dee hant, dont y saß unter ihnen mit einem Hirtenstab. Aber nun sind zahss don'-ter ee'-nen mit i'-nem hirr'"-ten-shtahp. Ah'-ber noon zint fie alle fort und ich weiß nicht, wo sie geblieben. Als er zee al'-lai fört dont lý vice nyt, vo zee gai-blee'-ben.

Alss eyr

zu

dieses gefagt hatte, begann er von neuem bitterlich
dee'-zess gai-zahcht' hat'-tai, bai-gan' eyr fon noi'-em bit-ter-liy tsoo
weinen.
vi'-nen.

Da merkten die Eltern die Noth tes Kintes und daß es
Dah merrk'-ten dee el'-tern dee note dess kin'-dess ont dass ess

ein Traum gewesen, und sie lächelten unter cinanter heim
ine troum gai-vey'-zen, oont zee ley'-yel-ten don'-ter ine-an'-der hime-

lich. Der Vater aber sprach: Wir lächeln wohl, Mutter, und
Hy. Dair fah'-ter ah-ber shprahdy: Veer ley-yeln vole, moot'-ter, dont
doch sind unsre Seufzer und unser llnmuth oft die Thränen
doch zint ŏŏn'-zrai zoif-tser dont bon'-zer oon-moot oft dee trey'-nen
tes Kindes, und unser Wünschen und Verlangen, gleichet es
dess kin'-dess, ŏŏnt don ́-zer vün'-shen ŏont ferr-lang'-en, gli'-yet ess
nicht oftmals Polly's Träumen?
nyt oft-mahlss pol-leess troi'-men?

Da lächelte der Bater abermals und fagte Dah ley'-yel-tai dair fah'-ter ah'-ber-mahlss oont zaha-tai tsoo ber Mutter: In Träumen und Thränen gleichen wir Großen dair moot'-ter: In troi-men ŏont trey'-nen gli-yen veer gro'-ssen wohl tem kleinen Polly. Möchten wir auch nur in Genügsam vole daim kli'-nen pol-lee. Möy'-ten veer ouch noor in gai-nü'y ́-zahmfeit und bescheidener Freude an dem Kleinen und Wenigen kite Ŏont bai-shi'-dai-ner froi'-dai an daim kli-nen dont vey'-nl-ghen ihm ähnlich sein. eem eyn'-ly zine.

VOCABULARY.

: Glied, n. limb.
Fragen, to ask.
Fehlen, to ail, miss,
fail, lack.
Wer, interrogative
pronoun, who.
Zu Leite thun, to do
harm.

Groß, great, large, unter, among, under.
Ihnen, dative of fie,
to them, them.
Sirte, m. shepherd.

big.
llebel, n. evil.
Oder, or.

Lamm, n. lamb.
Stellen, to place, to
put.
Erfreut, rejoiced.
Herzen, to caress.
Ausschen, to look.
Gilf, eleven.
Begehren, to demand.
Genügsamkeit, f. con-
tentment. (Genug,
enough.)
Bescheiten, modest.
Freute, f. joy.
Wenig, little.
Ähnlich, like, resem-
bling.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN.

EXERCISE 99 (Vol. II., page 118).

1. Lehrt Gure Kinter gute Sitten nachzuahmen. 2. Er abmt seinem Vater in allen seinen Gewohnheiten nach. 3. Vernünftige Eltern steuern tem unartigen Betragen ihrer Kinder bei Zeiten. 4. Steure muthig das Schiff durch die wogente See. 5. Es begegnete ihm oft, daß er sein Buch suchte und es in seiner Tasche fand. 6. Die Schiffe, welche nach Australien gehen, müssen den Aequator passiren. 7. Sie sollten das Beispiel Ihres Brüters nachzuahmen suchen. 8. Ich sehe seine Unschuld in seinem Betra gen. 9. Die Unsterblichkeit der Seele leugnen ist so viel als Gott abschwören. 10. Die Polizei versicherte sich des Diebes. 11. Ahme stets das Gute nach, aber nie das Böje.

EXERCISE 100 (Vol. II., page 118).

Polly aber war noch immer sehr betrübt um die zwölf Pol-lee ah'-ber vahr noch im'-mer zeyr bai-trü'pt' oom dee tswölf Schäfchen. Da berathschlagten die Eltern ernstlich, was zu sheyf'-yen. Dah bai-raht'-shlahch-ten dee el'-tern errnst-ly, vass tsoo thun sei, und der Bater erhob sich und forach: Pelly, ich toon zi, dont dair fah'-ter err-hope ziý dont shprahch: Pol'-lee, Yy will gehen und deine Schäfchen suchen. lind er ging und vill ghey'-hen oont di'-nai sheyf'-yen zoo'-chen. Ŏont eyr ghink dont faufte ein Lamm und brachte es und fstellte es se, daß 1. The prince who ill-treats his people is called a tyrant. 2. He kouf-tai ine lam dont brach'-tai ess õõnt shtell'-tai ess zo, dass asks me about things which I cannot tell him. 3. Call me what you like, but not a traitor. 4. Those people must be called hypocrites who be Knabe es sah. Da ward der Knabe sehr erfreut und speak fair but act basely. 5. They have christened the princess Louisa. dair knah'-bai ess zah. Dah vart dair knal'-bai zeyr err-froi't' ŏont 6. I did not ask him for this out of curiosity. 7. Attila, King of the lief hinzu und Huns, called himself the scourge of God. herzte Ja, das Lämmchen und frrach: bas 8. I call him a friend who leef hin-tsoo dont herrts'-tai dass lem'-yen dont shpralid: Yah, dass does not remind me of my excellencies, but affectionately of my errors. 9. He calls all those who are not with him, enemies and rebels. 10. ist es, tas ist es! ebenso sah es aus! und cr war sehr The teacher called the scholar a lazy boy. 11. I asked him his name ist ess, dass ist ess! ey'-ben-zo zah ess ouss! oont eyr vahr zeyr in vain. 12. I do not deserve that the people should call me a traitor. erfreut, aber von den eilf andern Lämmern sagte 13. I give you this keepsake as a testimony of my love and respect. er nichts err-froit, ah-ber fon dain elf an'-dern lem ́-mern zah ́-tai eyr niyts been committed, when they heartily repent of them. 14. How gladly do parents pardon their children the faults that have 15. He narrated

und begehrte ihrer nicht.

Ŏont bai-gheyr'-tai ee'-rer nyt.

Like ir in mirror.

to me the history of his life several times. 16. They pardoned me my wrong, and held out their hands to me in proof of their reconciliation. 17. It is well for the man on whom nature bestows a healthy mind and a clear understanding; but still better for him on whom it has bestowed a humble and modest heart.

Sele für die Zukunft.

EXERCISE 101 (Vol. II., page 119). 1. Menter lehrte Telemach die Kunst zu regieren. 2. Man wird ihn tiese Sprache lehren. 3. Die Vergangenheit giebt dem Menschen die beste 4. In seinem legten Briefe schrieb er mir folgende Neuigkeit. 5. Die Reichen sollten mit Freuden den Armen ein Weniges ren ihrem Ueberflusse mittheilen. 6. Er zeigte mir die Schönheit der Natur. 7. 3ch vertraute ihm das Geheimniß in der Absicht en, feine Ver sewiegenheit und Treue zu erproben. 8. Görgen wird von seinem eigenen Belte ein Verräther seines Vaterlantes genannt. 9. Er schalt mich einen Thoren, da ich mich weigerte, ten Grundsägen zu folgen, welche mit meinen Neigungen nicht übereinstimmen. 10. Der Popular Educator lehrt rie englische, französische, und deutsche Sprache auf die leichteste Weise. 11. Mein Gegner reichte mir die Hand zum Zeichen seiner Versöhnung.

"

EXERCISE 102 (Vol. II., page 119).

1. The children could not go out for a walk on account of the bad weather. 2. On this side of the river there is a beautiful country-house. 3. He does it for the sake of the honour. 4. Within the town hunger and despair prevail. 5. Beyond the mountain there is a beautiful valley. 6. By virtue of his office he arrested the thief. 7. According to his letter we expect him to-day. 8. Along the stream stand many poplar trees. 9. He drew him up by means of a rope. 10. He came into this house by means of a false key. 11. Above the bridge stands a cross. 12. Instead of coffee he drinks water. 13. In spite of the heavy rain, he takes a walk. 14. Below this village lies a beautiful meadow. 15. Notwithstanding his father's prohibition, he went to the theatre. 16. I saw a large bird near this forest. 17. He can assist the poor by means of his riches. 18. He looked very pale lately (daring the last time). 19. The rich inhabitants fly on account of the war. 20. He returned in consequence of his promise.

EXERCISE 103 (Vol. II., page 119). 1. Tros seiner Verwandten that er es. 2. Ich befand mich ganz glück. lich unter tem nicrrigen Dache jenes Landmannes. 3. Alles unter der Senne ist der Veränderung unterworfen. 4. Was hatten Sie zum Nach tich außer Melonen und Trauben? 5. Die armen Auswanderer hoffen, jenseits des Meeres besser zu leben 6. Er beharrte troß alles Widerstantes. 7. Die Gallier nahmen ihren mühevollen Marsch längs der Seefüfte. 8. Es ist unter der Würte eines ehrlichen Mannes. 9. Greenwich ist inner halb fünf Meilen von London. 10. Seines Alters wegen sollte er geschont werden. 11. Kraft seiner Geburt ist er ein Edelmann.

OUR HOLIDAY.

ATHLETIC SPORTS.-I.

NEARLY akin to the gymnastics of which we have been treating in previous papers, but at the same time differing in design as well as in general character, are the Athletic Sports so frequent at our colleges and schools in the winter and spring seasons. Gymnastics may be regarded as simply a series of physical exercises, in which individual training is the sole object sought; athletics are similar exercises in which individuals contend with each other for pre-eminence, and are, therefore, in some degree the test of gymnastic proficiency.

Requesting our readers to bear this distinction in mind, we will leave gymnastic studies for the present, and give our attention to the exercises which form the subject of competition in athletic amusements. These may be divided into walking, running, leaping, and the throwing of weights; and these, again, may be subdivided under various headings, which we shall have hereafter to notice.

As soon as you have made up your mind to enter into an athletic competition, your first care must be to see that your general health is good, and that you are fit to undergo the previous preparation, as well as to take part in the actual contest. A lad at school, who has any doubt about his own health, will do well to consult his friends, who are better acquainted than himself with the character of his constitution, and, perhaps, the amount of fatigue he is fitted to hear. And if, either from his own experience, or as the result of such inquiries, he has the least cause to suspect that he is subject to heart disease or serious local derangement, he has no business whatever to direct his ambition to excellence in athletic sports, or to engage in such a competition. Ordinary field amusements will at all times afford him as much physical recreation as is good for him.

If, on the contrary, the aspirant to athletic fame be "sound in wind and limb," he must turn his attention to the bringing of his muscular powers to their highest development. First of all, everything that his own sense tells him is injurious to the general bodily health must be shunned; and everything that is favourable to it must be sedulously cultivated. He must be clean in person, bathing or "tubbing" every morning; he must be regular in his meals, and his diet (of which we shall have more to say presently) must be good and plain; he must retire to rest early, and take a short walk in the morning before breakfast, if he has no set exercises to go through at that time in the training process. He must also take open air exercise, or practice, at other suitable hours of the day.

One of the great objects most persons have to accomplish in training is to get rid of superfluous fat. This is effected partly by abstaining from fatty articles of diet, and substituting in their stead others which help to make muscular tissue; and partly by "sweating," or throwing off the surplusage by The diet in such a case, as well as in training perspiration, etc. generally, should be confined chiefly to roast beef or mutton, pretty well done-for it is a mistake to suppose that half-raw meat is more strengthening than the same well cooked. Veal and pork must be avoided, but a little fish or poultry may be taken as a change. Vegetables must be eaten sparingly— although a little green-meat assists digestion-and their place must be partly taken by stale white bread. Pastry must be shunned, but the cooked fruit of pies and puddings may be eaten ; the use of butter must be restricted, and sugar, if possible, dispensed with. The drinks should be tea in preference to coffee at breakfast, etc., and sound table-beer or porter in moderation at dinner, if the person training is accustomed to stimulating drinks. A glass or two of wine a day is permitted, if it has been the practice to take it. But the plainest food and drink are frequently the best. Thus, oatmeal porridge is an excellent thing for training purposes, either at breakfast or

supper.

Attention to these ordinary rules of training diet will suffice for general purposes. We do not anticipate that any of our readers will require more than instruction as to what is best to be done in preparing for competition in such athletic performances as those which are common between school and school. To any who may read these lines, and require aid for more arduous and ambitious tasks, we must recommend the perusal of the details contained in one or other of the existing treatises by standard authorities on the subject.

Before describing the character of these exercises as usually Reen in athletic sports, we think it necessary to give our reader a little advice as to the training which is generally requisite to We apply the same remark to the subject of "sweating," enable any one to take part in them with benefit and success. which is intended, not only to reduce weight, but to free the It is true that occasionally a youth may be seen to enter into a muscles of the fatty tissues which may immediately surround public competition of this nature without any previous prepara- them, and consequently to give them greater ease and freedom in tion, and he may acquit himself creditably, or even carry off a their play. Sweating is usually accomplished by putting on prize; but success under such conditions is an exception to extra clothing, and either walking fast or running slowly until the general rule; nor can any one expect to engage in such the body is in a profuse perspiration. When the exercise is over, sports without injury, unless he is already inured in some the body should be sponged with warm or tepid water-first degree to gymnastic pursuits and fatigues. And the more the upper portion, then the lower, so as not to strip entirely arduous the character of the performance to be accomplished, while it is in a heated state-and well dried with a rough the greater and the more careful must be the training which towel. Young men engaged in the great public competitions precedes it. An untrained lad, who is used to activity in the place themselves under the care of a trainer, by whose advice feld, may possibly show well in a spurt" of 100 yards; but if they are entirely controlled as to the amount and character he should venture to engage in a mile or two-mile race, his want of their "sweating" exercises, as well as all other matters of condition may tell wofully upon him. affecting their general condition. The youth who has to train

66

himself must exercise his own discretion, occasionally guided by the advice of friends, as to the exact degree either of restriction or fatigue which he should place upon himself—always remembering that he must stop short of the point where the feeling of downright exhaustion approaches. The Turkish bath is sometimes used as an excellent auxiliary for sweating purposes; and the drinking of from half a pint to a pint of water early in the morning, before breakfast, is recommended by high medical authority as a valuable aid in the re

duction of weight and fat.

The object of this general training is to get the body into good healthy condition, and success is evidenced by a fresh-coloured, elastic condition of the skin; by the muscles standing out hard and firm; and by light and vigorous feelings both in body and mind. But beyond this there is of course necessary a special training for the performance which has eventually to be accomplished. This special training will be best treated of at the same time as the subject to which it relates; and we shall, therefore, now pass on to the first and simplest of athletic sports, namely,

WALKING.

Nothing, it may be thought, is easier than to walk; and this is true; but to walk well in an athletic sense is a science. It includes

lose a race, after contesting it fairly and honourably from beginning to end, than to win one by such discreditable manoeuvres, should they be so successful as to escape the punishment of disqualification.

If you have the lead at first, strive all you can to retain it, for competitors are often discouraged by the fact that some one is going well ahead of them. If you find, in the course of a long race, that there is a sufficient distance between you and the nearest man behind you, ease your pace somewhat, thus relaxing the strain on your powers to recruit them for a fresh effort, but putting on another spurt if you think your competitor draws too rear.

FIG. 1.-RUNNING.

If you are behind at starting, use your best speed with a steady determination to overhaul your opponents, and if the race is of any considerable distance you will probably have ample opportunity to do so. Especially press forward when there are signs of flagging in those who are on in front; to pass one or two of them will give you fresh spirits and vigour; and the idea that a man is coming up well and vigorously behind them will perhaps discourage those still left in advance.

The usual distances for walking races are from one to four miles. One mile has been done in 7 minutes; two miles, in 15 minutes;

RUNNING.

two objects of practice-style and speed. As regards style, four miles, in 313-all by young amateurs.
the first thing is position, which should be with the head erect,
the shoulders set back, and the chest thrown forward, the
arms well up, with the elbows bent, and moving freely in
keeping with the action of the legs. In quick walking, the
motion of the arms is more vigorous, and assists the walker at
each stride by helping to raise the weight of the body off the
heels. The body must not be inclined forward, as in running,
and the knees must be kept straight. The contrary practice is
inimical to fair "toe and heel" walking, which is the next thing
to be studied. At each step the heel must first touch the
ground, being dug into it, as it were, and then the ball of
the foot; but neither the heel nor the toes should remain on
the earth for a perceptible space of time, and one foot should
always be upon the ground. Unless both the toe and heel
touch the ground fairly, the competitor in a walking contest
is disqualified, and at once loses his chance of a prize.
The stride should be as long as can be practised with facility,
and should be accompanied by a corresponding forward move-
ment of the shoulder. Bending the knees too much is sure to
lead to "lifting," or unfair walking, and the
competitor must be especially on his guard
against it when pressed in the race.

The special training for running must be similar in its nature to that recommended for walking contests, with the exception that if a long race is before you it is not necessary to put forth the powers for the same distance in the preliminary practice. Their highest efforts must be reserved for the race itself; but shorter distances, such as an occasional mile or half mile, at full speed, may be practised with advantage. It must be remembered, too, that walking is itself a good preparation for a running contest, as it strengthens and developes the same muscles of the body. Quick walking and slow running, with an occasional" spurt" at the best pace, will, therefore, suffice to bring you up to the proper pitch for a long race.

If, however, the running is to be in what is called a "sprint" race-i.e., any distance from 100 to 400 yards-the whole distance should occasionally be practised at full speed; and it is also well to practise starting at top speed, as a great deal depends on this-even more than in the case of walking.

The best positions in running are given in our illustrations (Figs. 1 and 2), which show each side of the figure, and the alternate advance of the right and the left limbs respectively. As the right leg is advanced, the left arm is thrown forward, and then brought back, while a similar movement of the right arm accompanies the motion of the left leg. The arms are kept more close to the sides than in walking; the body is inclined forward, tho knees are well bent, the weight of the body is thrown upon the balls of the feet, and the forward impulse is from the toes. Running is, in fact, a succession of leaps; while walking is, or should be, a series of steps caly.

Speed is acquired by practising certain short distances, day after day, at the best pace you can command, and gradually increasing the length of the task until you reach the full limit of that which you have eventually to accomplish. In general practice, however, you must carefully avoid over-fatigue, for it is better to do a short distance well, and without excessive exertion, than to try a long spell, at the end of which you are thoroughly exhausted. You will be able to do more as you go on. After the distance has been gradually increased, as before mentioned, you should, a few days before the race, do the entire distance at top speed, not only as a preliminary practice, but also that you may take an accurate measure of your own pace and powers of endurance. But the three or four days imme-, formances of amateurs:-One hundred yards, 10 sec.; two hun diately preceding the race should be passed with less severe exertion, as you want a reserve of power to put forth in the actual contest.

FIG. 2.-RUNNING.

66

Sprint" races are very common in athletic sports; but a mile is a frequent distance, and from two to four or more miles are not unusual. The following times are on record as the per

dred yards, 20 sec.; quarter of a mile, 50 sec.; half mile, 2 min.; one mile, 4 min. 20 sec.; two miles, 10 min.; three miles, 15 min.; four miles, 21 minutes. But these performances are exceptional, being the authenticated times of some of the best athletes who have engaged in University and other amateur competitions. The young and untrained amateur must expect, in his early attempts, to fall considerably short of such performances.

As to the race itself, a good deal depends upon the start, which should be made with alacrity at the instant the signal is given, and at the best pace in your power. But do not, in your eagerness to get off well, allow yourself to attempt to gain an unfair advantage of your companions by anticipating the proper signal in your movements. The anxiety and the dodging We must leave allusion to "heats" and "handicap races to start before the rest, sometimes witnessed in such competi- until our next paper, wherein we shall also say something of tions, are in the highest degree unseemly; and it is better to hurdle-racing, "hare and hounds," etc. i

FIG. 49.—a, QUARTZ CRYSTALS; b, FLUOR SPAR; c, CALC SPAR.