h. m. 8. Ex.: A sphere has a spherical eccentric cavity filled with 23. Given right ascen. 2 57 50-74 on 1st day at mean water, and rolls on a rough horizontal plane; find its midnight 1. State, without proof, the fundamental propositions which belong to statics, dynamics, and hydrostatics respectively. 2. Find the conditions of equilibrium of any number of forces acting in any direction on a material particle. Ex.: Three ropes, attached by a ring to a heavy block, are each stretched, at right angles to each other, by a weight of 50 lbs. What weight should be attached to a single rope that it may produce an equal effect upon the block, and how must it be placed with regard to the other three ropes? 3. Describe the common steelyard, and show how to graduate it. Ex.: A steelyard, having a weight of 10 lbs. at one end, and a scale-pan weighing 6 lbs. at the other end, is used as a balance by moving the rod back wards and forwards over a fulcrum, on which the whole rests; neglecting the weight of the steelyard, show how to graduate it. motion. 10. What are the differences between elastic and nonelastic fluids? Give examples of each. 11. Prove that the pressure at any point below the surface of a uniform fluid which is at rest under gravity alone varies with the depth. What is the pressure tending to drive in the cork of an empty bottle sunk to the depth of 300 fathoms in seawater (S.G. = 1·028), when the barometer is 30 inches (S.G. of mercury=13-6), the area of the cork being a square inch? N.B.cubic foot of distilled water weighs 1,000 oz. 12. Describe a common hydrostatic balance and show how by means of it to find the S.G. of a solid body-(1 heavier, (2) lighter than distilled water, the latter being used as the unit of measurement. Ex.: A crystal of saltpetre weighs 19 grains; when covered with wax (S.G.96) the whole weighs 43 grains in air and 8 grains in water; find the S.G. of the saltpetre. 13. Describe a condenser, and find the corresponding densities of the air before and after a given number of strokes. 14. Describe the essential parts of a double-acting condensing steam-engine. State what you know of the latest mechanical improvements applied to this kind of engine. PRACTICAL MECHANICS. THREE HOURS ALLOWED. 1. In toothed-wheel work what is meant by the pitch circle and the pitch of a tooth; what is the diameter of the pitch circle of a wheel having 88 teeth of 24 inch pitch? 2. Explain the contrivance of the crank and connecting rod, for converting circular into reciprocating motion, and show that the movement which would result from a crank with an infinite connecting rod may be imitated by the use of an eccentric circle. 3. Explain the following mechanical contrivances; (1) the anchor escapement, (2) the mangle wheel, (3) the Geneva stop, (4) the fusee. 4. Define the moment of a force about a point; show how it may be geometrically represented, and hence show that the sum of the moments of two non-parallel forces about a point in their plane equals the moment of their resultant about the same point. Show that the above statement is true if the forces be parallel. Ex.: Two parallel forces, 8 and 9, act at a distance of 17 inches 4. A wheel (A) is fixed in space; an arm carrying two from each other; what is the moment of their resultant about a point 12 inches distant from that force which is other wheels (B) and (C), is capable of revolving about an axis through the centre of (A), and it is further nearest to it, an inch being taken as the unit of length? 5. How do we obtain a measurement of variable velo- arranged that the three wheels shall gear together, so as city at any particular instant? What is the law of the to form a train (A), (B), (C); what will be the motion velocity of freely falling bodies? Ex.: A body is pro-imparted to (C) by the revolution of the arm, (1) when jected downwards with a velocity of 80 feet per second; determine the velocity at the end of five seconds; if in stead it were projected upwards, when would its velocity cease? 6. A body is acted upon continually by a given pressure; show what acceleration is given to its motion. Ex.: A body weighing 30 lbs. slides along a smooth horizontal plane under a constant pressure of 15 lbs.; determine (1) the velocity it acquires every second; (2) the velocity at the end of 5 seconds; (3) the space passed over in 5 seconds. What would be these results if the plane were rough, and the co-efficient of friction were 2? 7. A body slides down a smooth curve; state and prove what velocity it will acquire at the end of the curve. Ex.: A stone is tied to the end of a string of 10 feet in length, and describes a vertical circle of which the string is the radius; if at the highest point it move at the rate of 25 feet per second, what will be its velocity at the lowest point? 8. What is a cycloid? Show that the time of oscillation of a particle moving in a cycloid is independent of the extent of the arc of oscillation. Ex.: If the radius (C) is equal to (A), and (2) when it contains half as many teeth as (A); explain your answer, and point out the value of the first combination in machinery for twisting strands into rope. 5. Explain the parallel motion of a beam-engine. 6. Upon what principle is machinery for drilling made self-acting? Select an example which illustrates your statement. 7. Describe some arrangement which would serve to indicate the number of revolutions made by a carriage wheel in a given time. 8. Explain Newcomen's atmospheric engine, and show how it was altered and improved by Watt. 9. Why is it advantageous to work a steam-engine expansively; if steam of a given pressure be cut off when the piston has described one-fourth of its stroke, find the work done in the cylinder. What is the lap of a slidevalve, and what effect does it produce in the working of the engine? 10. Sketch a double-beat valve, and explain its action. 11. Explain any form of gauge for measuring the pressure of steam in a boiler. of the generating circle be 10 feet, what is the time of link motion 12. Describe the general arrangement of a locomotive an oscillation? 9. What is the fundamental principle, known as D'Alembert's principle, employed in rigid dynamics? for reversing the engine. (To be continued.) The objects sought to be accomplished by the formation of an Institute have never ceased to occupy my attention since the idea was first mooted in the Record of 1849. The interest which the lamented Prince Consort took in the promotion of the arts in general, his knowledge of and taste for music in particular, were most encouraging; and his express desire to the late noble President, the Earl of Westmorland, to carry out a design similar to the one I have attempted, was communicated, confidentially, to me in 1853. In a letter addressed to me in that year by a liberal patron of the art, a thousand pounds was promised in aid of the scheme, provided my small beginnings were joined to that of the Prince Consort for a public library. During the short time that elapsed from the opening of the Musical Union Institute until the lamented death of that excellent Prince, the donations exceeded in amount my most sanguine expectations. The death, however, of the Prince at once threw a damp on the public mind, and further contributions in hope of realising all that was aimed at fell short of what I had reason to anticipate. the name of the trustees, W. Tite, Esq., M.P., and T. Brassey, Esq.,* and donors of the Musical Union Institute, under my direction, to submit to them the propriety of offering the gift of its collection of music and musical literature. On certain specified conditions, at my decease or before, I remain, Sir, your obedient servant, Hon. Mem. Phil. Acad. Rome, (COPY) 42. Lowndes square, June 27th, 1865. MY LORD,-The "Musical Union Institute" was established in 1850 by Mr. Ella. Mr. Brassey and myselt This disappointment was the more to be deplored, since, were appointed trustees; Sir George Clerk was the in order to provide for the expected donations and pur- president; and a most respectable body of subscribers chase of musical publications, a large portion of the funds and donors soon joined the Association. We have subwas already expended in furniture for the residence of a sequently done our best to carry out the intentions of the paid custodian, with ample accommodation for an exten-founder, and to support his views. Those views were to sive library. collect a library of music and musical literature, to form It is now proposed by the treasurer and trustees to a museum of musical instruments, and to afford accomrelieve me of the custody of books purchased and pre-modation for the trials of music and encouragement to sented to the Institute. At the same time, with the funds young and meritorious artists. All this we have endeaat my disposal, I shall continue to increase the collection voured to carry out and support, and to a certain extent of music and musical literature, and add it to the pro- we have succeeded. perty to be conveyed to the South Kensington Educational department of the Fine Arts. It has, however, occurred to Mr. Ella that this Institution might find a more permanent home at South Kensington, and I am authorised by a public meeting of the donors to offer to your lordship and the Council the collection of books belonging to the Institute. In making this offer, we are requested to attach this condition: That the Council will carry out, as far as is consistent with the means at their disposal, the original objects of the Institution. I am to submit this proposition to your lordship, and to offer any explanation in my power of the views of Mr. Ella in proposing the removal of the Institute to South Kensington. In furtherance of the above objects, I am authorised to say that as soon as accommodation is made for its reception, the harpsichord (A.D. 1651) of the great Handel, now the property of Messrs. Broadwoods, will be presented to the library. I enclose an account of the inauguration ceremony, at which Mr. Brassey, myself, and the Council were present, which fully states all the objects sought to be obtained by the Institution, and a supplementary paper published under its sanction. I have the honour to be, &c., (Signed) W. TITE. Treasurer and Trustee. An arrangement might, perhaps, be made to accommodate an extensive library of music, full scores of the great masterworks, and musical literature, with a collec- The Rt. Hon. Lord Granville, &c. tion illustrating the history and progress of musical instruments, for the use of the public in general and students in particular. Considering the great difficulties, cost, and risk, which attend the trials of new compositions of the highest class of art, I would suggest that it might be expedient that the Government should afford facilities analogous to those which have been given to the Royal Academy of Arts for the exhibition of painting, etc., for such trials, and also that lectures might be given on every branch of the art, the whole eventually becoming a recognised institute for musical education in this country. That such an Institute was contemplated by the lamented Prince Consort, I have reason to know. and, with the view of aiding its accomplishmeet, I proposed, in The following answer to Mr. Tite's letter is couched in similar terms to one in reply to Mr. Ella's, in May last : Council of Education, Kensington Museum, 29th June, 1865. SIR,-1 am directed by the lord president to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, dated the 27th, and addressed to him, in which you are so kind as to offer, on behalf of the Musical Union Institute, a collection of books, and the harpsicord of Handel, on the condition that the department will carry out, as far as it is consistent with the means at its disposal, the original objects #Donors of £100 each. of the Musical Union Institute; and in reply I beg to inform you that the lords of the Committee of Council on Education have much pleasure in accepting the gift for the South Kensington Museum, on the conditions that you have named. Thanking you for your own personal interest in the subject, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Fine Arts. ART CONVENTIONS.-Three other acts, which aid towards the completion of international right in works of taste and intellect, have just been officially announced in Paris, namely, the signature of conventions respecting literary and artistic property between France and Saxony, Baden, and Nassau. DISCOVERY OF A LOST RAPHAEL.-A picture by Raphael, known as the Madonna di Loreto, had been lost for a long time, and is said to have been recently discovered in the shop of a dealer at Mantua, by M. Tortella, of Verona. It was covered with such a thick coat of dirt that the lines of the composition could scarcely be traced, but was easily cleaned. The picture has since been examined by Professor Blaas and other acknowledged judges, all of whom pronounced it not only to be a true Raphael, but in his best style. It is in admirable preservation, and measures four feet in height and three in width. PRIZE COMPETITION IN BRONZES IN PARIS.-The manufacturers of bronzes have announced a competition amongst the artists and workmen employed in that important and elegant branch of Paris industry. The prizes to be distributed are to consist of medals and honourable mentions, and the following amounts in money: For sculptors and ornamental modellers, each 800f.; chasers, 1,600f.; designers, 500f.; founders, 600f.; turners, 400f.; mounters, 300f. The works are to be sent in by the 16th of November. It is not stated whether there will be a public exhibition of the works, but it is to be hoped that there will, not only in justice to the artists and workmen themselves, but also as an excellent means of general art education. MUSEUM OF MEDALS.-The Duc de Luynes some time since presented his magnificent collection of medals to the Bibliothèque Impériale of Paris, on condition that it should be maintained and exhibited to the public in a completely independent condition. In pursuance of the terms of the donation the medals have been arranged in a rotunda, and several adjoining apartments in the new portion of the library building, and a special door and staircase are now being constructed by which the public will be admitted to the Luynes gallery. Manufactures. BUTTER-MAKING. It is well known that cream may be converted into butter by simply being buried in the ground, but it is not generally known that this mode is in common use in Normandy and some other parts of France. The process is as follows:-The cream is placed in a linen bag, of moderate thickness, which is carefully secured and placed in a hole in the ground, about a foot and a half deep; it is then covered up and left for twenty-four or twenty-five hours. When taken out the cream is very hard, and only requires beating for a short time with a wooden mallet, after which half a glass of water is thrown upon it, which causes the butter-milk to separate from the butter. If the quantity of cream to be converted into butter is large, it is left more than twenty-five hours in the ground. In winter, when the ground is frozen, the operation is performed in a cellar, the bag being well covered up with sand. Some persons place the bag containing the cream within a second bag, in order to prevent the chance of any taint from the earth. This system saves labour, and is stated to produce a larger amount of butter than churning, and of excellent quality, and is, moreover, said never to fail. STEAM FIRE-ENGINES AT THE COLOGNE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.-The following is a copy of the official report concerning the decision of the jury at the trial of steam fire-engines held at Cologne:-The adjudicators, when judging of the steam fire-engines, paid attention chiefly to the following points:-1. The time required for getting sufficient steam to work the engines. 2. The quantity of water in general, and especially its density in proportion to the distance over which the water was thrown. 3. The height of the stream. 4. The general construction of the engines, and especially their durability and steadiness while being worked. 5. The weight, from which to draw conclusions as to their transportability. As regards the getting of steam for working the engines, the engine of Messrs. Merryweather and Sons, of London, effected this in 7 minutes 28 seconds; that of Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co., of London, in 11 minutes 28 seconds; and that of Messrs. Wirth and Co., of Frankfort-on-the- Maine, in 16 minutes. At a distance of 40 feet the largest quantity of water was thrown by the engine of Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co.; the second in this respect were Messrs. Wirth and Co.; whilst as regards the compactness of the stream the latter decidedly took the first place, and Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co., were second in this respect. At a distance of 60 feet, Messrs. Wirth and Co. took the first place, and Messrs. Merryweather and Sons the second place. As, however, the dimensions and working power of the engines are taken into consideration, then Messrs. Merryweather and Sons are fairly entitled to the first place; there is also to mention that the engine of Messrs. Wirth and Co. was worked during a wind that was more favourable than that under which the other two had to stand the trial. Concerning the heights of the streams, the engine of Messrs. Wirth and Co. was first, even if full consideration is given to the unfavourable wind which the other two engines had to work against. All practical questions, as regards the construction of steam fire-engines, have not yet been decided. All three engines are of solid workmanship, and fully warrant, during the usual duration of working time, as regards steadiness, every advantage that could be wished for. The weights of the engines are as follows, viz. :-Messrs. Merryweather and Sons, 3,813 lbs.; Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co., 6,128 lbs.; Messrs. Wirth and Co., 5,833 lbs. Considering the short space of time in which Messrs. Merryweather and Sons' engine commenced working after the time of lighting the fire, and considering the proportionately equal results in other respects. and, further, in consideration of the strikingly light weight of the engine, the adjudicators declare that they have awarded to the steam fire-engine of Messrs. Merryweather and Sons, of London, the money prize of 500 thalers, and a gold medal to the steam fire-engine of Messrs. Shand, Mason, and Co., of London; also a silver medal, granted by the ministry, to the steam fire-engine of Messrs. Wirth and Co., of Frank fort-on-the-Maine. Colonies. NATAL EXHIBITION.-A Natal journal of April last says:-"It has been announced that arrangements are in progress for holding an exhibition in this city (Pietermaritzburg) at an early period. The object of the exhibition is to encourage industrious and productive habits amongst the natives, and it is hoped that it may also serve as a valuable suggestion in directing the course of native labour." THE CLIMATE OF AUSTRALIA.-The great characteristic of the climate of Australia appears to be its dryness and purity of solar light, and freedom from humidity and the consequent smaller proportion of deleterious gases and malaria in combination with an almost total absence of animal and vegetable decomposition; the astringent and chemical properties of the atmosphere may be observed by its action on gun and other metals, which may be exposed out of doors, day and night for months (except in rainy weather), without contracting any oxydation; also in the facility with which all animal and organic substances are dissolved and volatilised, and the bones bleached to a snowy whiteness in a comparatively short period. In the summer the carcase of a horse or bullock becomes a beautifully bleached skeleton in 10 to 14 days, the knife only having been employed to take off the hide. In no other country is the climate so congenial to man's physical energies as that of the Australian colonies-both man and beast can undergo all the fatigue of daily labour with less exhaustion and greater endurance than in any other country. colony, from the year 1850 to 1863. The volume can be bought at the office for the sale of parliamentary papers, price 4d. Notes. PARIS GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1867.-It is said that the Champ de Mars has been definitely decided on for the locality of the next great International Exhibition, and that the preparatory works will be commenced on the sixteenth of August, the day after that of the Imperial fête. The building to be erected there will, however, only contain the industrial portion of the Exhibition; the fine arts will be represented in the Palais de l'Industrie, in the Champs Elysées, on the opposite bank of the Seine, where the annual salons or exhibitions of the works of living artists are now held. SHALE OIL IN NEW SOUTH WALES.-A discovery of THE FRENCH GRAND PRIZE IN SCIENCE.-In 1859, considerable importance is said to have been made in the Napoleon III. instituted by decree a grand triennial prize of Illawara district. It had long been known that a highly twenty thousand francs, to be awarded in turn by the five inflammable substance abounded in that locality, but it academies of the French Institut, for the work or discovery is only recently that the fact of its containing a large reflecting the greatest honour or doing the greatest service secretion of kerosene oil has been discovered. It appears to the country, published or made during the ten years prethat a short time ago two gentlemen, practically ac- ceding the award. In 1861 this prize of honour was given quainted with the manufacture of oils, paid a visit to the by the Académie Francaise, to M. Thiers, for his "History district. They took specimens of the shale in which the of the Consulate and the Empire;" in 1863 it was awarded oil was expected to be found back with them to Sydney, by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, to M. J. and submitted them to analysis, which showed them to be Oppert, for his labours in connection with the cuneiform very rich in oil. Twenty-one pounds of shale, put into a inscriptions of the valley of the Euphrates; this year the common iron pot, with a worm attached, in a short time prize has been given by the Académie des Sciences, to M. yielded a quantity of oil, which was of very good market- Wurtz, Professor in the Faculty of Medicine in the Uniable quality. The quantity yielded by the twenty-one versity of Paris, for his labours and discoveries in organic pounds of shale was one gallon, and this, too, with a chemistry. M. Wurtz's name is especially connected with most imperfect apparatus. It is believed that, with the discovery of the ammoniacal compounds and glucose, proper apparatus, the shale will yield fifty per cent. of oil. and his chief work is entitled "Leçons de Philosophie The oil can be produced and packed in tuns at one Chimique." shilling and sixpence per gallon, whilst the price in England during the past few years has ruled from three shillings and nine-pence to six shillings per gallon. WOODS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.-There are in the Museum at Sydney hundreds of specimens of wood, the principal of which are rosewood, beefwood, cypress or pine, forest oak, and tulip wood. 308 specimens of these, as well as hardwood, were sent to the International Exhibition of 1862, and a variety of cabinets were made with duplicates of them, by Messrs. Howard and Son, of Oxford-street. Rosewood is probably the most beautiful of those which have yet been worked either here or in the colony. Although called rosewood there, it is entirely different in colour from the purple red rosewood of Brazil, the Canary Islands, &c. Its colour is nearly the same as the mahogany of Honduras and Campeachy, and undoubtedly equal in beauty of grain as well as durability to the products of these places. The fine trees which furnish these woods grow to an immense size. The timber is found to be very durable in wet soils, and therefore is in great demand for posts and rails. It is easily worked. Beefwood in colour and grain is truly beautiful, and would be most useful for veneers. Cypress and forest oak are very fine but different species of acacia. Tulip wood is also a very fine wood, but apt to split in cutting. Publications Issued. STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH COLONIES.-The statistical department of the Board of Trade has just presented to Parliament an "Abstract of Colonial Statistics" on the model of the "Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom." This small volume gives, in the most portable and accessible form, the general statistics of each British MECHANICAL MUSIC.-A question of some importance to musical composers and publishers was discussed a few days since by the French Legislature. Certain French and Swiss manufacturers have recently introduced a system by which various tunes may be played on mechanical organs and other instruments, with the aid of metal plates or wood blocks; and one ingenious maker, at Marseilles, has succeeded, it is said, in using cardboard and even paper forms, which he can multiply and sell at very moderate prices. A bill was introduced to legalise such applications, but it was warmly opposed, on the ground that it would be sanctioning an infringement of the rights of musical composers and proprietors of musical compositions. It was argued by the supporters of the bill that the method in question did not fall under the law of copyright, and that such productions were not equivalent to publication, or editions, of the works in question. A letter was read from Rossini, in which the maestro declared that he loved to hear his music played in the streets; but, on the other hand, a memorial was presented against the proposed measure, to which were attached the signatures of Auber, Berlioz, Thomas, and many other composers. The Corps Législatif passed the bill by a majority of 188 against 34, but the Senate, on a report brought up by M. Mérimée, rejected it. GAS IN PARIS.-The first attempt in lighting the streets of Paris with gas was made on the last night in the year 1829, but it was not until after the revolution of July, in the following year, that it was generally adopted in the principal quarters of the city. In 1855 the consumption was under forty-one million cubic mètres; in 1860 it had reached seventy-five and a half millions; and in 1863 nearly a hundred and one millions. The pipes made a total of more than a thousand kilométres, or about sixty miles, in the last named year. There are ten gas works in Paris, eight of which belong to the amalgamated Compagnie Parisienne, one to the Invalides, and the other to the Portable Gas Company. These ten establishments employ about two thousand seven hundred workmen, and Colley. Corn screens-1625-J. Hartley. Gas burners-1658-J. Seholl. Gunpowder-1636-A. Klein. Hair, preservation of-1647-J. H. Johnson. Horses, bit for subduing restive-1617-J. F. Dubois. Horse hoes-1569-J. Holmes, G. T. Holmes, and F. R. Holmes. Lamp burners-1631-J. H. Johnson. forty-three steam engines of a total nominal power of about five hundred hoises. The General Gas Company employs also about five hundred men during two or three Great hours a day to light and extinguish the lamps. improvements are being made in the lighting of the city. From the corner of the Rue Royale to the Rond Point a new lamp is being interpolated between each of the original pairs, to the great enlightenment of the Champs Elysées. VENTILATION OF SEWERS.-M. Robinet, a French chemist, has put forth the following plan of clearing the sewers of Paris, in which a large number of accidents have occurred. He proposes to supply the great factories with air for their furnaces by means of tubes communicating with the interior of the sewers. By this means the latter will be cleared of mephitic gases, which will be destroyed by combustion in the furnaces. The quantity of coal consumed during the year in Paris is above 700.000 tons, and supposing that only one tenth of this combus tion can be utilized, M. Robinet calculates that four mil-Railway trains, enabling guards to pass from one part to another of — lions of cubic metres of fresh air, which is more than seven times the contents of the sewers, might be made to enter them daily. M. Robinet proposes to apply the same principle to hospitals, casernes, cesspools, and other places where impure air accumulates. This scheme corresponds with a system of ventilation expounded some time since by General Morin, and practised by him to a certain extent in the Conservatoire des Arts-et-Metiers, of which he is the director-in-chief. Leather, splitting and bevelling of-1635-H. E. Clifton. 1659-W. Henson. Railway trains, communication between passengers and guard of Tools, apparatus for operating by hand or other power-600—J. Spence. Vessels, improvements in propelling-1583-D. Spink. Wearing apparel, fastening-1615-S. Helcman. Navy and Marines (Property of Deceased) (Lords 2014. W. E. Cochrane. Naval Discipline Act Amendment. 381. Chemists and Druggists Bill, and Chemists and Druggists (No. 2) Bill-Special Report and Evidence. 408. Superior Courts of Law-Return. 417. Coinage-Account. 418. Bankruptcy-Returns. 427. Constabulary (Ireland)-Statement. Education-Report of the Committee of Council (1864-65). Patents. From Commissioners of Patents Journal, July 7th. 2023. P. A. L. Canonicat. 2027. R. Ridley. 2028. A. Leslie. 2062. A. Cotelle. PATENTS NO WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £100 HAS BREN PAID. 1536. P. R. Hodge. 15 Registered Designs. Self-supplying double-action Syringe-June 24-4726-T. J. Crog- A Croquet Stand-June 27-4726-T. Turner, Watford, Herts. Rose for Door Knobs-July 3-4728-J. Whitemore and Son, Bir- | Elevating collapsing Music or Reading Stand-July 4-4729-C. Topham, 31, Bush-lane, City, E.C. Framed Hat Brim-July 6-4730-H. and D. Baumann, 70, Formstreet, City. |