Lord, which does not convey the sense of the term JEHOVAH, and Oròs by the word God, which is not a true translation of Elohim. Had John written the Revelation in Hebrew, in place of the words which he employs, he would simply have said, "saith Jehovah Elohim,” DAN MT JAN, because his meaning could not possibly have been misunderstood; but employing Greek words to represent the Hebrew expression, he adds, and only as a definition,—the words that follow; for the Amanuensis of the Apocalypse never employs superfluous phraseology, which this would be, if taken in any other view.

"But," it may be asked, "If these terms are only a definition of the sense in which Kyrios is to be understood, and are, at the same time, a periphrasis for the word JEHOVAH, why should John have used either the periphrasis or the Greek word Kúpios, when he might at once have adopted the word JEHOVAH?"-The answer is obvious. By such a procedure we should indeed have thus had, in the New Testament, the Hebrew term employed in the Old, to designate the Great Creator of Heaven and earth, but we should have been left in some uncertainty as to its real meaning; for though there has been less disagreement among the learned, as to the composition and meaning of this word, than respecting the term Elohim, yet there have been dif

ferences, as a few examples respecting , [JAH,] and [JEHOVAH,] will show.

Some hold to be a simple root, as Kimchi, Buxtorf, Pagninus, Hales, &c.; others, as Cocceius, Vitringa, Robertson (James) deduce from to be lovely, fair, admirable; the British Critic (1802) adopts the same derivation, and would render this word, "All-glorious" or " All"adorable;" Hutchinson, Parkhurst, Bates and some others derive from the verb to be, by dropping the first ; and Geddes, with some lexicographers, considers it as a mere abbreviation of. Dr. Hales, less happy in his inquiries into the meaning of this term than into that of Elohim, takes the leading idea of JAH to be sameness, or immutability,—a -an idea which is indeed included in the term, but which does not fully express its meaning.

The great majority of critics and lexicographers place under, or under, which has the same sense, all agreeing that these roots. express existence; but they differ as to the formation of the word. Some content themselves with referring to the root, without entering into its composition; others, as Bates and some of the Hutchinson school, form the word from, with a formative' [yod] prefixed, and consider it as meaning "he that is;" Hutchinson himself makes it a compound of

and the participle Be

noni of the root mn, as does also The British Critic; Parkhurst thinks that "Mr. Hutchinson "is right in making this divine name a compound "of the Essence, and the participle existing, "subsisting;" Geddes and some others consider

as merely the third person future () of the verb with the middle [yod] changed to a 1 [vau] to give the verb the semblance of a noun. Hales, who considers as the immediate descendant of, takes the leading idea of the word Jehovah to be "oneness or unity,” a sense as foreign from it as trinity is from the word Elohim.

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Though the great majority of these and other philologists are agreed in opinion, that "Erist66 ence," or Being," is the prominent idea expressed in the word JEHOVAH, only some of them contend that "futuration [as Bp. Pearson expresses himself] is essential to the name." The Jewish writers, both antient and modern (I believe none of them write otherwise), maintain that this word includes not only the past and the present, but also the future. Thus Aben Ezra on Isai. xlii. 8, " I am JEHOVAH, that "is my name," says: "this is the proper name "of God, signifying Essence, i. e. existing from Eternity to Eternity." Rabbi Bechi on Exod. folio 65. Col. 4. says, " in the name JEHOVAH "are comprehended three times, the preterite,

"the present, and the future, as is known to all." The book entitled лy, folio 31, speaking of GOD the Creator says, "as he is the first " without beginning, and last without end, so his name testifies three existences, or differences of "his existence, the present, the preterite, "and the future, which are the letters of "his name IT."

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The differences which have existed among critics, respecting the meaning of the word JEHOVAH, demonstrate, that the use of this Hebrew word, in books written in Greek, would not have answered the end gained, by John's having employed a Greek term and having defined the sense in which he uses that term. The two languages having different alphabets presented also an impediment to the introduction of Hebrew letters in the Greek text, the extent of which has been actually exemplified in the fate of such copies of the Septuagint as made the attempt; the word which is read from right to left having, as already noticed, been converted by transcribers into the unmeaning word III (Pipi) read from left to right.

It is easy to see a reason why Kúpios and Oeds were employed, in the New Testament writings, for the words and as of the Hebrew Scriptures. The latter had been translated into Greek; and, in the Septuagint version,

which was in the hands of all the Jews scattered throughout the Roman, but especially throughout Egypt and all parts of the Greek, Empire, Kúpios had, as already noticed, been adopted as the translation for JEHOVAH, and Oeos for Elohim. There was therefore a great convenience in employing the same terms in the New, that appeared in the version of the Old, Testament in common use, and which was about to become general, in the hands of the Christian Church. But the Greek terms, so employed, not expressing, or by length of time having ceased to express fully, the sense of the Hebrew words for which they had become substitutes, it was necessary (for we cannot possibly conceive its being done without a reason) that their true meaning the genuine sense in which they are used by the Apostles and Evangelists-should be accurately defined. This, we have just seen, has actually been done in the Apocalypse,-the first written (as I believe, and think I have proved, in the Second Dissertation) of all the Greek scriptures.

But whatever reasons might exist for the Greek version of "JEHOVAH" and "Elohim," accompanied, as has been shown, with proper definitions of their sense, no tenable argument can be advanced for adopting, in translations into other languages, expressions or names which do not convey the sense of these terms.