of the studies is such that the first or lowest class (Cœtus) takes up the auxiliary sciences forming a groundwork and preparation for scientific study in general, and for professional study in particular; the second class continues this fundamental training and takes up professional studies; and the third completes the professional course, and has a full course in those branches of natural and social science which concern most nearly the duties of a naval officer.

The subjects in the course of instruction of each class are as follows:

FIRST CLASS.

1. Logic, ethics, and the elements of psychology.

2. A short review of elementary mathematics, and the fundamental principles of analytical geometry and higher calculus.

3. Organic and inorganic chemistry.

4. The whole range of pure physics, treated both experimentally and mathematically. 5. Naval organization and naval tactics.

6. Tactics of land forces, considered strategically, and with special reference to landing parties.

7. Permanent fortification, especially in coast-defense.

8. *Military administrative law and international law.

SECOND CLASS.

1. Thorough course in higher mathematics, especially in its application to geometry, mechanics, and the calculation of probabilities.

2. History of naval wars.

3. Ordnance and gunnery.
4. Steam-engineering.
5. Naval architecture.

6. Nautical astronomy.

7. Coast survey.

8. Electricity, particularly in its application to torpedoes.

9. Laws of war; maritime law.

10. Sanitary administration, especially in relation to the conditions of life on shipboard.

11. General survey of the history of civilization.

1. History of naval wars.

2. Ordnance and torpedoes.

3. Steam-engineering.

4. Naval architecture.

THIRD CLASS.

5. Nautical astronomy, the construction of charts, and the principles of geodesy.

6. Observation with instruments, including the preparation and use of all the instruments employed in navigation, and in geodetic surveys.

*All the above studies are obligatory with the exception of the last, which the student may take or not, as he pleases.

These three subjects are electives, but the student is required to take one of them. Of these four elective subjects each student is required to take two. All the other subjects are obligatory.

In addition to the course described, opportunity is given to the students to extend and perfect their knowledge of foreign languages. Instruction in this branch includes English, French, and Danish, and, when practicable, Russian and Spanish also. All this is independent of the regular course, but each student is required during all the years of attendance to take instruction in at least one foreign language.

During the summer months, from May till the end of September, the students of the Academy return to active service, being ordered either to a cruising-ship, or to the gunnery-ship, or attached for the time to the coast survey, or to the torpedo division. During the session practical instruction is confined to certain excursions made in connection with the course of study. These include, in the first class, topographical surveys by students who have had no such practice before; and, in the second class, hydrographic surveys in a small vessel attached to the station. There is also a special course of instruction in observing with fixed instruments at the observatory, and practice in the use of nautical, astronomical, and geodetic instruments, the latter in connection with triangulations and geodetic surveys.

Instruction is given in the usual academic manner, by lectures and questioning, supplemented by laboratory work, and by the use of drawings, models, and apparatus, of which there is a full collection at the Academy. The method of instruction here, as in all German institu- . tions, aims directly at the thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of the subjects studied. To clear up obscurities, and to keep alive an active interest on the part of the students, the closest attention is directed to special cases and circumstances as they arise in the service, and to the demands of actual practice. The freest interchange of opinions between teachers and students is encouraged, and every method is adopted to stimulate thoughtful and intelligent effort, by informal expositions and discussions, by the preparation of written papers, and by frequent interrogations of and by the students.

Besides the questions, problems, &c., given out from time to time during the session, short examinations are held quarterly in each subject. Papers are set by the professors, and each examination lasts an hour, the students working under the supervision of the instructor. The results of the examination are tabulated, and sent, together with the report of the director, to the committee on studies. At the final examination for the year, another merit roll is made out, giving the general results for the year; and a report of the Direction on the work done by students is sent in to the committee on studies. Upon the result of these examinations depends the return of the student for the next year's course. At the close of the three years, a diploma or certificate is given by the committee on studies, to each graduate, and the form of the certificate depends upon the character of the student's work, as shown from time to time in the quarterly and annual examinations.

Officers ordered as students to the Academy are entirely detached

from their division (Marine-Theile). They are under the orders of the director and direction officer, but they are also obliged to report separately to the Commander-in-Chief, the military members of the committee on studies, and the commanding officer of the first division of seamen. The temporary students, or Hospitanten, report only to the director and direction officer.

The regulations governing attendance at lectures and exercises are exceedingly precise and strict, considering the age of the officer-students. Each has his place in the lecture-room, which he must always occupy. The most punctual attendance is required, and no officer can absent himself from an academic exercise, except in case of illness, leave of absence, or special dispensation; or, in the case of hospitants, details for special duty. In case of sickness the fact must be reported without delay. Applications for leave or for other dispensations are made in writing to the director, and are only granted in cases of urgent necessity. S. Ex. 51-13

CHAPTER XXIX.

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND PILOTAGE.

The school of engineering and pilotage is at Kiel. It has its own officers of government, but, as in the case of the Naval School, they are under the general orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic station. At the head of the school is a line-officer, as director, who is appointed by the Emperor, and who has the same authority over the personnel of the institution as the commander of a naval division. The director is therefore responsible for the military discipline of the school, and has general supervision of the studies and course of instruction. He has an asssistant, called the direction officer, acting in the capacity of a chief of staff. The latter is a line-officer ordered by the Ministry to this duty, on the recommendation of the Commander-in-Chief of the station; and besides his ordinary duties, he has charge of the director's office and the library, and he may be detailed for the supervision of practical exercises. The instructors are either military or civil officers of the Navy, ordered on the application of the Commander-in-Chief, or special teachers, or military or civil instructors, under provisions similar to those of the Naval School. The director engages the special teachers, paying them regular fees, subject to the approval of the Admiralty. For the management and care of instruments, models, &c., a lieutenant is ordered as house-superintendent (Haus- Verwalter). The officers ordered as instructors perform the duty of supervision of the students, for which duties, as well as for instruction, the house superintendent may be specially detailed. Students are quartered and messed, as far as possible, in the school itself, and in the barracks. The rest board at one of the naval messes of the station, or at private boarding-houses, but in company, as far as is practicable.

The school consists of three divisions, (1) the school of engineering, (2) the school of pilotage, and (3) the class of paymaster-applicants. The first and third are the only divisions that can be considered as forming a part of the system of education of officers. The object of the pilotage school is to prepare for the prescribed examinations such boatswain's-mates, and quartermasters as wish to become navigating boatswains. It does not therefore properly come within the scope of the present subject.

The object of the school of engineering is to give machinists (Maschinisten) a scientific training, and to prepare them for the examinations for

promotion to mechanical engineers. It includes four classes, as follows (the lowest class being the first):

1. Machinist's-mates' class.

2. Second machinists' class.

3. First machinists' class.
4. Engineer class.

There are also several parallel courses, each of which is limited to twenty-five students.

In the machinist's-mates' class applicants for appointment as machinists (Maschinisten Applikanten) are prepared for the first examination. In the second machinists' class the machinists and upper machinist'smates are prepared for the examination of machinist of the watch. In the first machinists' class machinists of the watch are prepared for the leading machinists' examination. This course is also open to those machinists and upper machinist's-mates, provisionally examined at sea, who have shown remarkable proficiency in the machinist's-mates' examination. As a general rule, each student must attend the second machinists' class and pass the examination before he can be received into the next class. In the engineer class upper machinists, and properly qualified machinists near the head of their grade, are prepared for the engineer examination; on passing which they receive commissions in place of their warrants.

The course for all four classes generally begins on the 1st of October. At that time is held the test examination for upper machinists. There is a vacation of two weeks at Christmas, and the last fortnight in March is occupied by the examination, at the close of which the studentsare transferred to their respective divisions. Attendance upon the engineer and first and second machinists' classes is indispensable in order to receive permission to come up for the examinations at the close of these courses.

The dockyard divisions send up those upper machinists, machinists, upper machinist's-mates, and applicants who are qualified to attend the school, by September 1 in each year, and they are transferred at the time fixed for the beginning of the course. At its close they return again to their divisions. Those machinists or upper machinists who have not been classed as good at the preceding examination, are required to pass anew at the beginning of their course by presenting an essay on a prescribed subject, and performing certain other exercises. The director decides as to the fitness of the candidates, and those who fail are immediately sent back to the dockyards.

The course of instruction is arranged in accordance with a programme approved each year by the Admiralty. The only addition allowed to the prescribed course is in a general permission to give extra instruction in modern languages not specified in the programme, which are useful in maritime intercourse, and for which there may be teachers at the school.