reference being had to the record of conduct and to the cadet's general behavior in study.

In all examinations, cadets are distinguished by numbers, the key being in the hands of the captain of the ship.

The following table shows the relative weight of studies in making up the marks of the cadets.

RELATIVE WEIGHT OF STUDIES: MAXIMA.

The regulations of the Britannia contain few prohibitions, and, as might be expected from the age of the cadets, serious offenses are of rare occurrence. Coming as most of them do from the higher classes, and having been subjected to no other influences than those of a wellordered home or school, bad habits and vicious tendencies have had no opportunity to form or develop, and offenses are all of that minor character which may be easily dealt with. Graver offenses when they occur are punished in a way suitable to the age of the cadets; and if, as sometimes happens, an offender is incorrigible, he is simply removed and restored to his friends. While there is the closest and most careful supervision, there is no very close restraint, because there is no need of it. On the contrary, the life is made attractive and easy by utilizing every means to this end that can be obtained from the surroundings.

The discipline is, in form, that of a ship-of-war, and is in the hands of the captain, the commander, and other executive officers. The severer punishments, of a somewhat varied and elaborate character, are ordered only by the captain. In the gradation of good and bad conduct, cadets are considered as being in one of three classes, and all are held to belong to the first class, unless they incur the penalty of being lowered to the second or third, according to the gravity of their offenses, for a limited number of days. During this time they are subject to special regula

tions.*

* Stated in detail in the Appendix, Note C.

In the cadet organization, the chief captains and captains assist the officer of the day in carrying out the daily discipline. The chief captain of the day, and the captain of the mess-room, taken in rotation, are especially charged with this duty; but the cadet officers at all times assist in keeping order at formations, in class rooms, at mess, and on the berth-deck, when cadets are turning out or turning in. In general, they are to do their utmost to uphold the regulations of the ship." The captains are especially charged with the protection of junior cadets ; and certain privileges are allowed them, such as the exclusive use of a part of the mess-room.

5.-FEES AND ACCOUNTS.

Instead of receiving pay during the period of pupilage, as is the case in America, naval cadets on board the Britannia are required to pay the government for the benefits they receive. The fee is £70 per annum. In the case of sons of officers making application the fee is reduced to £10; but the number of those received at the reduced rate is limited to ten a term, forty in all at the school, and it is understood to be allowed only to those who need it. In addition to the regular fee, £40 or £70, as the case may be, cadets pay for their outfit, clothes, traveling expenses, text-books, instruments, and stationery, and even for the repair of their chests and locks.

On the other hand, the government supplies the mess-table, and gives the cadets a weekly allowance for pocket-money; and the expenses for all amusements are paid by the ship. The allowance is 1s. a week for each cadet, 28. for. captains, and 2s. 6d. for chief captains. Cadets are forbidden to open an account with tradesmen. Such money as may be required by a cadet for any special circumstances is advanced by the paymaster, under the authority of the captain, and charged to the cadet's account.

A supply of small articles of clothing, stationery, &c., is kept in store by the paymaster, and may be furnished to the cadets, at cost, with a slight percentage to cover expenses.

Cadets are forbidden to buy, sell, or exchange any clothes or other articles among each other. Even such articles as cricketing shoes and bats can only be purchased after a formal written consent of the parent has been given to the captain. Pocket-money is stopped for injuring government property.

6.-MODE OF LIFE, HEALTH, AMUSEMENTS.

A. M.

SUMMER ROUTINE.

5.25. Turn out cadets for No. 2 punishment.

5.30. Punishment No. 2 fall in.

6.30. Bugle. Cadets turn out. Bath. (If weather permits, cadets bathe from the

shore).

6.35. Punishment No. 2 dismissed.

A. M.

7.05. Warning bugle.

7.15. Muster and drill.

7.50. Dismiss drills.

8.00. Prayers. Breakfast.

8.40. Bugle for cadet defaulters.

8.50. Muster for studies.

10.20. Interval, ten minutes.

11.55. Studies dismissed. Dress for dinner.

P. M.

12.10. Dinner.

Cadets land (Wednesday and Saturday defaulters muster).

1.30. Return on board.

1.40. Muster for studies.

4.05.

Dismiss studies. Mess-room muster.

4.20. Cadets land. Defaulters drill. Bath, if weather permits. 6.45. Return on board. Shift clothing.

7.10. Muster.

7.15. Tea.

8.00. Evening study.

9.00. Dismiss evening study.

9.15. Prayers.

9.45. Cadets turn in. Officer of the day goes round.

The only material difference in the winter routine is that in winter the cadets have two hours (nearly) on shore just after dinner, and on their return have studies till tea; while in summer, they have shore liberty for two hours, between afternoon studies and tea, and only a short recess on shore after dinner. On Wednesday and Saturday, the whole afternoon is spent on shore.

On Sundays, the routine is as follows:

A. M.

6.45. Cadets turn out. Bath.

7.45. Breakfast.

9.30. Divisions.

10.00. Divine service.

P. M.

12.15. Dinner.

1.00. Bible class (compulsory).

2.00. Bible class dismissed. Cadets land.

5.00. Return on board.

6.00. Tea.

7.30. Prayers.

9.00. Cadets turn in.

The mess-table of the cadets is carefully regulated, abundant, and simple. The routine of diet will be found in the Appendix, Note D. Cadets are wisely forbidden to receive parcels containing eatables.

For sleeping, cadets are divided between the two ships, two forms being assigned to each ship. They sleep in hammocks. A large staff of servants attend the cadets, and have the whole care of their clothes, boots, and bedding. All the duties of this character, which at most military and naval schools devolve on the cadets themselves, are in

England performed by servants. The necessity of this kind of training for boys in general may be doubted, but it is certainly useful in forming a habit of self-reliance in regard to the minor personal details of daily life, and in enabling young officers to regulate with judgment the same details among the men who will afterwards be under their charge Cadets are not allowed to go to the sleeping-decks during the day, except when it is necessary to go to their chests.

Close attention is paid to dress and other externals on board the Britannia, as their importance in the training of young naval officers deserves. A full outfit is required when the cadet first joins the ship, and minute regulations prescribe even the changes of underclothing. Great care is taken that cadets shall not suffer from the effects of exposure on shore or in boats, by careful inspection of clothing when they return on board after having been out in the rain-a precaution that the prevailing habits of boys of this age renders specially necessary. All repairs of clothes and boots are made on board the ship, and the proper stowage, care, and inspection of all clothing are provided for by the most precise regulations. When a cadet requires new clothing, his parent or guardian is informed of the fact, and a request is sent that the articles should be supplied at once. Inspections of clothing and of chests are made once a month by the lieutenants of divisions, and a report made thereon to the captain.

The uniform is of dark blue cloth, and is always worn on ship-board. Working suits are of thick flannel or pilot cloth, and each cadet must have two. For recreation on shore, white flannel cricketing shirts and trousers are always worn, and special shirts for football.

Though a ship lying at anchor is not in every way the most healthful place for two hundred people to live in for months together, yet the precautions taken on board the Britannia, and the regular and active life of the cadets, seem to prevent any of the ill effects that might arise from it. The bilge of the Britannia is pumped out twice, that of the Hindostan four times, a day. The holds are ventilated through shafts, a fire being kept up in each hold from 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. The ventilation of all other parts of the ships is provided for by regulations so minute as to designate not only the ports which shall be opened at night, but even the number of inches of opening required in each case.

On the return of cadets from leave their clothing is disinfected. If any cadet has had a contagious disease he is at once separated from the others, and his clothing and bedding subjected to a heat of 220° in the drying machine; and the same precautions are taken with clothing of others who have been near him. Cadets who are sick enough to remain in bed are not detained on board more than forty-eight hours; and if the disease is of a dangerous character they are transferred at once to the hospital on shore.

There is a sick call, or its equivalent, three times a day on board the Britannia. At the appointed hours the medical officer is in the sick bay,

ready to receive and treat complaints of illness. A medical officer is on board, however, at all times.

The gymnasium is on shore, directly opposite the ship, in the park above the landing pier. Exercises are so arranged by forms and watches that all cadets have a dumb-bell drill and exercise in the gymnasium twice a week, the only distinction being that one exercise in the gymnasium is voluntary for the two upper forms. Dumb-bell drill lasts fifteen minutes, and takes place in the open air in clear weather. The hours for gymnastic exercise are not those best suited to its enjoyment, or to getting the greatest good from it, being before breakfast, or in the evening.

The Britannia and Hindostan are fitted with salt-water baths and freshwater shower-baths; and every cadet has a bath in the morning immediately after turning out; fifteen minutes are allowed for the purpose. The temperature is carefully regulated, and is never allowed to go below 54° nor above 60°. Cadets also have a fresh-water hot bath, temperature about 90°, once a month in the evening. From May 1 to September 1, all cadets are required to bathe daily in the river from the shore. Swimming is regularly taught to those cadets who are not good swimmers on their admission to the school.

The chief amusements of the cadets are cricket, foot-ball, boating, and other sports which are found at every English public school. The park belonging to the Britannia covers the steep hill-side opposite the ship, above the shore of the Dart. Half-way up are the gymnasium and bowling-alley. On a level plateau at the top is a well-kept and spacious cricket-field and play-ground. As liberty on shore is extended to two hours a day, and on Wednesday and Saturday to the whole afternoon, there is ample time for amusement and recreation. Instead of staying on shore, if they prefer, cadets are allowed in the hours of recreation to go out in the "blue boats," but each boat must be fully manned, and the boats are not allowed to go beyond certain limits. On halfholidays, in fine weather, when over ten cadets volunteer to go, a sailing launch takes them outside in the harbor, for sailing or fishing; but the launch always has an instructing boatswain and petty officer, and must return in time for evening muster. The three small sailing cutters may be taken by cadets of the third form, and the three large cutters by those of the fourth, every afternoon in good weather. The cutters must always have at least three cadets, and a seaman instructor is in attendance when they leave the buoys to see that the sails are properly set.

On shipboard and in wet weather cadets can amuse themselves with reading, chess, and checkers. The library of the school contains about 1,000 volumes, and cadets can take out books and keep them a fortnight Books and periodicals are also kept in the mess-room, but novels which have not the approval of the principal naval instructor are forbidden. During evening study cadets who do not choose to study are allowed to "skylark" on the middle deck.