perspicuous; while such matter (and none but such) has been expunged, as could not be deemed indispensable by the biblical student, or to the general reader, or which might even mislead him. By means of wood-cuts, the most important graphic illustrations of the text have been preserved in this condensed edition,' which cannot fail to insure the publishers the warm thanks of many a student, as well as the more substantial reward which can alone indemnify them for the undertaking an extensive circulation."

A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. By Richard Watson.

A THEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY. By John Buck.

A DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE. By the Rev. John Brown.

A THEOLOGICAL, BIBLICAL, AND ECCLESIASTICAL DICTIONARY. By John Robinson, D. D.
THE BIBLICAL CYCLOPÆDIA; or Dictionary of the Holy Scriptures. By William Jones.

All these works, as their titles indicate, are more diverse and comprehensive in their object than the dictionary of Calmet; this being strictly confined to biblical topics, excluding theology, or "speculative opinions," as they are usually but improperly called; while the works just enumerated, embrace not only these, but various topics pertaining to early ecclesiastical history. Robinson and Watson are, upon the whole, entitled to rank the highest.

PARKHURST'S GREEK AND HEBREW LEXICONS partake, in a considerable degree, of the nature of biblical dictionaries.

§ 2.-Sacred Geography.

SAMUELIS BOCHARTI GEOGRAPHIA SACRA, sive Phaleg et Canaan.

This valuable treatise on biblical geography is found in the third volume of Bochart's collected works, Lugd. Bat., 1712. It comprises every thing relating to the subject, and is a treasure of sacred and classical learning.

HADRIANI RELANDI PALESTINA, ex monumentis veteribus et tabulis adcuratis illustrata, 4to., 2 vols. Traject. Batav., 1714.

This is one of the most elaborate and valuable works on Biblical Geography that has ever been published. It is divided into three books: the first treats of the names, situation, boundaries divisions, rivers, mountains, and plains of Palestine; the second, of the distances of the principal places; and the third, of the cities and villages. Almost every thing in sacred and profane history relating to his subject is brought forward by this laborious writer. The work is illustrated by some excellent maps, tables, and engravings of coins. It is reprinted in the sixth volume of Ugolino's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum.—Orme.

SACRED GEOGRAPHY of the Old and New Testament. By Samuel Wells, D. D. 2 vols. 8vo. Oxford.
THE SAME; edited by the editor of Calmet's Dictionary, 4to., and also 3 vols. sm. 8vo.

THE MODERN TRAVELLER. Palestine, 1 vol.; Arabia, 1 vol.; Syria and Asia Minor, 2 vols.
THE EDINBURGH CABINET LIBRARY. Palestine, 1 vol.

§ 3.-Natural History.

SAMUELIS BOCHARTI HIEROZOICON, sive de animalibus sacræ Scripturæ. Best edit. 3 vols. 4to. Lipsia, 1793.

This is a profoundly learned work, to which all subsequent writers on Scripture Natural History have been greatly indebted.

PHYSICA SACRA; hoc est, historia naturalis Biblia, a Joanne Jacobo Scheuchzero edita, et innu meris iconibus æneis elegantissimis adornata.

This elaborate work, which has been printed in Latin, German, and French, forms a regular comment on all the books of the Bible, where any subject of natural history occurs. "The learned author has availed himself of all the researches of his predecessors on the same subject, and has illustrated his works with 750 engravings of the different subjects in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, to which there is any reference in the Scriptures. The German edition was published in 1731, in 15 vols. folio; the Latin edition in 1731; the French in 1732, 8 vols. folio, often bound in four. The work is as rare as it is useful and elegant."-Dr. Adam Clarke. PETRI FORSKAL descriptiones animalium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium, quæ in Itinere Orientali observevit, 4to. Hauniæ, 1775.

Ejusdem Flora Ægytio-Arabica, 4to. Hauniæ, 1775.

Ejusdem Icones Rerum Naturalium, quas Itinere Orientali depingi amavit, 4to. Hanniæ, 1776. These three works, published after the death of the learned Swede whose name they bear, comprise little more than the notes made by him during his tour in the East, whither he was sent by the king of Denmark, to obtain information illustrative of the sacred writings. They have done much towards elucidating the natural history of the Bible.

OLAI CELSII HIEROBOTANICON, sive de plantis sacræ Scripturæ, 8vo. Upsalæ, 1745—7.

WOLFFGANGI FRANZII ANIMALIUM HISTORIA SACRA, Amstel., 1643, 12mo, and 4 tom.

Franc.

SCRIPTURE ILLUSTRATED BY NATURAL SCIENCE, by the editor of Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible, 4to., 1802.

This work comprises a large quantity of information connected with the natural history of the Scriptures, and also the first attempt made to arrange the various branches of the subject in systematic order. "The Fragments" by the same author, contain a good deal of matter of the same description, which, as well as that of the first-mentioned work, has been melted down and arranged in the fifth edition of Calmet's Biblical Encyclopædia.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE; in three parts. By the Rev. George Paxtón, 2 vols. 8vo. This work contributes largely towards illustrating the natural history and geography of the sacred writings; while the strain of devotional piety which runs through it gives it a claim to rank very high among similar treatises.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIBLE, &c. By Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D. 8vo., 1824; and small 8vo., with engravings, 1830.

A very learned work: somewhat dry and uninteresting, as a natural history, however, and too much prone to conjectural criticism. The small edition, edited by Mr. Conder, is a very beautiful

book.

SCRIPTURE NATURAL HISTORY; or a descriptive account of the Zoography, Botany, and Geology of the Holy Bible. By William Carpenter, 8vo., and 12mo., with 40 engravings. 6th edition, 1836. § 4.-Sacred Chronology.

The following are the principal works on this branch of biblical antiquities. LUDOVICI CAPELLI CHRONOLOGIA SACRA, 4to. Paris, 1655.

Capel was one of the most illustrious scholars of his time; and so highly did Bishop Watson think of this treatise, that he republished it in the first part of the apparatus to his Polyglott. ANNALES VETERIS ET NOVI TESTAMENTI, a primâ mundi origine deducti. Archiepiscopo Armachano, fol. Genev., 1722.

A. Jacobo Usserio,

The chronology of the archbishop is that adopted in the margin of our larger bibles. THE SCRIPTURE CHRONOLOGY, demonstrated by astronomical calculations. By Arthur Bedford, folio.

Lond. 1730.

but being based of the Hebrew numbers, it is This is a very learned work; the upon accuracy superseded by the following one, which stands on a more sure foundation. A NEW ANALYSIS OF CHRONOLOGY, in which an attempt is made to explain the history and antiquities of the primitive nations of the world, and the prophecies relating to them, on principles tending to remove the imperfection and discordance of preceding systems. By the Rev. William Hales, D. D. 3 vols. 4to. Lond., 1809-12.

THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, and its connexion with profane history. By George Skene, Esq.

We have not seen this work: it was announced for publication just as this sheet was going to press.

§ 5.-Biblical Archaeology in General. THE WORKS OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS, the Jewish historian.

Translated by William Whiston.

6 vols. 8vo. The Jewish wars of Josephus are much more interesting than his Jewish Antiquities; the former supplies important information nowhere else to be found; but the latter is full of fables, except where it closely adheres to the Scriptures. The language of Josephus, being not only about the same age with the New Testament, but in style and structure very similar to it, much advantage may be derived from it in the interpretation of the sacred volume.

ORIGINES HEBREA: or the Antiquities of the Hebrew Republic. By Thomas Lewis, M. A. 4 vols. 8vo. Lond., 1724, 5.

This is a very elaborate work on every thing pertaining to the religious and political economy of the Hebrews, derived from the best authorities, Jewish and Christian, and put together with great care. MOSES AND AARON: Civil and Ecclesiastical rites used by the ancient Hebrews, observed and at large opened, for the clearing of many obscure texts throughout the whole Scripture. By Thomas Godwyn, D. D. 4to. 1614, and subsequent editions.

This is a learned and generally accurate work, which has become a kind of text-book to subsequent compilers. The following may be said to be commentaries upon it.

Uberrimis

APPARATUS HISTORICO-CRITICUS ANTIQUITATUM SACRI CODICIS ET GENTIS HEBRÆ. annotationibus in Thomæ Godwini Mosen et Aaronem subministravit Johannes Gottlob Carpzcvius. 4to. Francofurti, 1748.

JEWISH ANTIQUITIES; or a course of lectures on the three first books of Godwyn's Moses and Aaron. To which is annexed a dissertation on the Hebrew language. By David Jennings, D. D. THE MANNERS OF THE ANCIENT ISRAELITES, containing an account of their peculiar customs, Ceremonies, Laws, Polity, Religion, Sects, Arts, and Trades, &c., &c. By Claud. Fleury. This book contains a concise, pleasing, and just account of the manners, customs, laws, policy, and religion of the Israelites. It is an excellent introduction to the reading of the Old Testament, and should be put into the hands of every young person.-Dr. Horne. The best edition is that edited by Dr. Adam Clarke.

ARCHEOLOGIA BIBLICA in Epitomen redacta a Johanne Jahn. 8vo.

JAHN'S BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY. Translated, with notes and additions, by M. Upham, assistant teacher of Hebrew and Greek in the Theological Seminary at Andover (Massachusetts). 8vo.

This is a valuable work, comprising almost everything that can be said upon the topics of which it treats. Mr. Upham has enriched his translation with many valuable additions.

THE ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, carefully compiled from authentic sources, and their customs illustrated by modern travels. By W. Brown, D. D. 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1820. A beautifully written, as well as an accurately compiled work.

§ 6.-The Jewish ritual.

LOWMAN'S RATIONALE OF THE HEBREW RITUAL. 8vo.

SPENCER DE LEGIBUS HEBRÆORUM RITUALIBUS. 2 vols. folio.

GULIELMI OUTRAMI DE SACRIFICIIS LIBRI DUO. 4to.

OUTRAM'S DISSERTATIONS ON SACRIFICES, translated, with notes, by William Allen, 8vo. THE REASONS OF THE LAWS OF MOSES. From the More Nevochim of Maimonides. dissertations, and a life of the author. By James Townley, D. D. 8vo.

$7.-Miscellaneous Illustrations of the Scriptures.

With notes,

OBSERVATIONS ON DIVERS PASSAGES OF SCRIPTURE, placing many of them in a light altogether new, &c. By the Rev. Thomas Harmer. 4 vols. 8vo. With notes, &c., by Adam Clarke, LL.D. This work is almost too well known and appreciated to require distinct mention. Harmer was the first writer who availed himself of the information derived from modern histories and travels to illustrate the sacred writings. He thus opened a new source of criticism and illustration of the most extensive and satisfactory kind.

ORIENTAL CUSTOMS; or an Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures, by an explanatory application of the customs and manners of the eastern nations. By the Rev. S. Burder. 2 vols. 8vo. THE ORIENTAL GUIDE TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. With an Appendix, containing a general and descriptive catalogue of the best writers on the subject. By the same author. 8vo.

ORIENTAL LITERATURE, applied to the Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures, in which the customs of Oriental nations are clearly developed by the writings of the most celebrated travellers. By the same author. 2 vols. 8vo.

THE EASTERN MIRROR; an illustration of the Sacred Scriptures, in which the customs of Oriental nations are clearly developed by the writings of the most celebrated travellers. By the Rev. W. Fowler. 8vo.

OBSERVATIONS ON SELECT PLACES OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, founded on a perusal of Parson's Travels from Aleppo to Bagdad. By the Rev. William Vansittart. 8vo.

ORIENTAL ILLUSTRATIONS. By the Rev. William Roberts. 8vo.

FRAGMENTS TO CALMET'S DICTIONARY OF THE HOLY BIBLE: with engravings. By Charles Taylor. 3 vols. 4to.

BIBLICAL GLEANINGS; or a collection of passages of Scripture, that have generally been considered to be mis-translated in the received English Version, with proposed corrections: also the important various readings in both Testaments; and occasional notes interspersed, with a view to the illustration of obscure and ambiguous texts; with several other matters tending to the general elucidation of the sacred writings. By Thomas Wemyss. 8vo.

AN EXAMINATION OF SCRIPTURE DIFFICULTIES; elucidating nearly seven hundred passages in the Old and New Testaments, designed for the use of general readers. By William Carpenter. 8vo. Lond., 1828.

GENERAL INDEX.

those selected for sacrifice under the Mo-
saic law, 326.

Antioch, a city of Syria, described, 401.

Accho, or Acre, a city of Asher, on the Mediter- Antiochan era, the, 339.

geography of, 409; natural history of, 529; sym-
bols employed in, 615; difficulties in, 645.
Biblical literature, revival and progress of, in modern
times, 1.

Authorized English Version of the Bible, account of, Bind, to, symbolical import of the phrase, 617.

Bethlehem, a city of Judah, and the birth-place of Calah, a city of Assyria, 487.

Bethshean, a town of Manasseh, called also Scytho- Caravans, description of those of the East, 586;