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Sit, like a night mare," and embittering life with "Death! reprobation! woe! eternal woe!" merely because fathers and mothers permit their children to join in the amusement of dancing*, of which in their youth they have taken part, without one evil thought or feeling—and play, themselves, at a harmless rubber, a far more innocent amusement, says Mr. Bowles, than the "game after tea, of playing at the Bible." P. 110.

"None loves the Gospel moreThe message brought by mercy to mankind Fall'n-lost-the message of redeeming love; None more disdains the long, cold homily, Dron'd over sleeping pews:-But he who

tears

FAITH from her heav'nly sisterhood, denies
The Gospel, and turns traitor to the cause
He has engag'd to plead. None ever priz'd
The consolations, and the glorious hopes,
And purest spirit of that Gospel, more!
But save, oh! save me, from the tract-mad
Miss,

Who trots to every Bible-club, and prates
Of this awakening Minister, and that,
Whom she sat under.'

"Piety is still, And meek, and unintrusive. Yet the Priest, Who thinks the ALMIGHTY frowns upon his

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Making it but a hollow tinkling sound,
That stirs not the foul heart!'

Leaving the Second Part, which is almost wholly devoted to exposure of the unphilosophical fallacy which now misleads many, we come with sincere pleasure to the Third Canto, which abounds in sweet sentiment and descriptive elegance. We are, however, obliged to leave it on account of the next extract. How full it is of poetical grandeur we need not say.

"THE VISION OF THE DELUGE! HARKA TRUMP!

It was the TRUMP of the ARCHANGEL! Stern He stands, while the awak'ning thunder rolls Beneath his feet! Stern, and alone, he stands Upon Imaus' height!

"No voice is heard Of revelry or blasphemy so high! HE SOUNDS AGAIN HIS TRUMPET; and the clouds

Come deep'ning o'er the world!—

Why art thou pale?

A strange and fearful stillness is on earth,
As if the shadow of th' ALMIGHTY, pass'd
O'er the abodes of man, and hush'd, at once,
The song, the shout, the cries of violence,
The groan of the oppress'd, and the deep

curse

Of Blasphemy, who scowls upon the clouds,
And mocks the louder thunder!
HARK! A VOICE-
'PERISH!'-the thunder rocks more loud-

the Earth

[West, Answers from North to South, from East to 'PERISH!' The fountains of the mighty deep Are broken up the rushing rains descend, Like night, deep night, while momentary seen, Through blacker clouds, on his pale phantomhorse,

DEATH, a gigantic skeleton, rides on, Rejoicing, where the millions of mankind(Seen as the lightning-shafts glare from his hand)

Welter beneath the shadow of his horse! Now, dismally, through all her caverns, HELL

Sends forth a horrid laugh, that dies away, And then a loud voice answers- VICTORY! VICTORY, TO The Rider and HIS HORSE! VICTORY, TO THE RIDER AND HIS HORSE "."

Shaksperiana. Catalogue of all the Books,

Pamphlets, &c. relating to Shakspeare. To which are subjoined, an Account of the early Quarto Editions of the great Dramatist's Plays and Poems, the Prices at which many Copies have sold in public Sales; together with a List of the leading and esteemed Editions of Shakspeare's collected Works. 8vo. pp. 69.

THIS most useful and well-digested little manual opens with an amusing account of the various impostures con

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nected with the works, portraits, or fame of Shakspeare. We shall abstract this account for the entertainment of our readers.

1. The Mulberry-tree. As many toys and baubles have been made out of the real tree as would have required a whole forest. P. 7.

2. Ireland's fabrications. The first attempt was a rude pen and ink drawing, copied from Droeshout's print annexed to the folio edition of Shakspeare's works, accompanied with an autograph letter by the Bard, in Chattertonian spelling, and the strongest internal evidence of fabrication. Ireland next bought at a broker's a drawing of an old Dutchman on one side of the paper, and of a youth on the other, intended allegorically to represent a miserly old man and his expensive heir. This picture Ireland altered in the following manner: on one side of the old Dutchman he introduced a pair of scales, and in the corner of the youthful figure, placed Shakspeare's arms, "but with the transverse spear placed in a contrary direction to that prescribed by heraldry," subjoined titles of several plays of the Bard in red characters, and altered the physiognomy as much as possible into the features of the poet, as represented in Droeshout's engraving. This pretended portrait wonderfully confirmed the forgeries of various prose and poetic effusions, of a mortgage deed, of another portrait on vellum, &c. &c.

The result of these frauds was that the old Dutchman was believed to be an intended representative of Shylock, and the youth of Shakspeare in the character of Bassanio; and at the demise of Mr. Samuel Ireland, all the fabrications were sold for the sum of three hundred pounds.

Of the moral turpitude, the essential roguery of character, which alone could perpetrate swindling like this, we leave men of principle to deter

mine.

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tiful line engraving, by Sharpe,-supposititious, by one Holder, a picture cleaner, &c.

4. Dr. Hardies's picture-the portrait of a dancing-master altered into a Shakspeare, by Zincke, a very clever picture cleaner and repairer.

5. Mr. Winstanley of Liverpool's portrait, another fabrication by Zincke. 6. Mr. Hamilton's portrait-another Zincke.

7. The Hon. H. T. Liddell's por trait-a manufacture by Holder, of whom see No. 3, above.

8. The Shakspeare family. An alteration, by Zincke, of a picture containing the portraits of a whole unknown family, purchased of a picturedealer. "Zincke transmogrified every physiognomy from those of the papa and mamma to the last of the progeny into so many Shakspeares." P. xx.

9. The Bellows picture. This is the most curious deception of all the conjuring and legerdemain on this lucrative speculation. It is described to have been a curious original portrait (a bust), with the legend mentioning Shakspeare by name, carved in old English of the time, on an antique oaken frame; the said oaken frame being one half of the exterior of an immense pair of bellows, formerly belonging to Queen Elizabeth. The legend (not undeserving of a creditable repute, as to the plausibility of its execution,) is as follows:

"Whome have we here
Stucke onne the bellowes,
That prynce of goode fellowes,
Willie Shakspere."

"Oh! curste untowarde lucke,
To be thus meanlie stucke. POINS."
"Naye, rather glorious lotte,

To hymine assigned,
Who, lyke th' Almightie, rides
The wynges oth' wynde.

PYSTOLLE."

To give greater eclat to the picture, or to prevent doubt or dispute likely to ensue at home, the picture was sent to Paris, and it certainly presented a very feasible portrait of Shakspeare; but the following unfortunate consequences ensued. The oaken frame was discovered to be mahogany. Pretended authorities were then given for the contemporary use of that wood. Another misfortune was, that in Droeshout's head of Shakspeare, the Poet has an unusually lofty and capacious bald forehead.

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REVIEW-Shaksperiana.

"Now in this bellows performance, it was obvious that there had been much repainting on that part of the picture; and, in consequence, when presented to the gentleman, who had stated himself desirous of possessing it, he remarked that prior to pur-` chasing it, he should wish to have the forehead cleared of such repaint :-that stipulation, however, not being complied with, it was understood between the parties that if upon cleaning any imposition became apparent, the purchase was to be null and void."

-p. xxv.

In consequence, the picture was placed in the hands of M. Ribet of Paris, a very eminent picture-cleaner and repairer. The purchaser

"Two days after speeded on the wings of anxious expectancy, to ascertain the result of M. Ribet's operations, when he was shocked by being told that instead of Shakspeare, his portrait was not even that of a male, but the representation of an old woman. In short, on applying the fatal cotton, dipped in the ingredient necessary to clear off the repaint and dirt, away had vanished the broad, high, procreative front of Avon's Bard; the brown mustaches and expanded ruff having given place, like magic, to a cap decorated with blue ribbons, and a lip unadorned by whiskers, while a kerchief became apparent, modestly overspreading the matronly bosom."—p. xxvii.

The purchaser immediately resolved on returning the old woman to the vendor, in London, and redemanding his money. But in the interval, the said vendor conceiving that the previous imposition had not been detected, sent to the purchasers a flourishing letter, stating that he had another Shakspeare portrait, a miniature! a gem! to be disposed of at the low price of only 1250 francs, (more than 50l. sterling,) for prompt payment. Of course, the fish did not bite again; and the contest was settled by the vendor agreeing to take the picture back, provided it was once more altered from an old woman to a Shakspeare. M. Ribet undertook this task; and so exceeded the first attempt"That it was absolutely impossible for a considerable time to perceive that any repainting had taken place." Through this success, the renovated picture was sold to Talma the tragedian; after his death, resold by

auction for 3100 francs, or 1301. sterling, and transported to London by the purchaser, who conceives himself possessed of the only authentic likeness of Shakspeare. It is to be remembered

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that both the miniature and bellowsportrait were originally fabrications by Zincke.

9. There are several other fabrications.

10. The Felton portrait, engraved by Cochran, is believed to have been an authentic original; as is also

11. A miniature, the property of Charles Auriol, esq.

After this statement of the pictures, follows an account of translations of Shakspeare into foreign languages. These translated plays, it seems, particularly in the German and Spanish, have lost none of their powerful dramatic effect.

It further appears that the surface of the walls of the chamber wherein Shakspeare was born (though merely whitewash laid on about twenty years back), are covered by the names of visitors, among which are Moore and Scott, the poets; Kemble, Kean, the King (when Regent), Duke of Clarence, at least half of the two Houses of Parliament, and distinguished foreigners, as Lucien Bonaparte, and the Austrian and Russian princes. About one thousand persons per annum generally visit his tomb.

This truly valuable tract concludes with a price catalogue of all the books, pamphlets, &c. relating to Shakspeare.

To write eulogies on Shakspeare would be only to hold candles to the sun; and therefore we conclude with sincere thanks to the author for his pleasing and important pamphlet, and the expression of our doubts whether any portrait can be deemed genuine, except that of the tomb. And what, allowing it far greater merit than it probably possesses, can that be?-A corpselike cast. The eye and face of such a man as Shakspeare, when lit up by the intense blaze of a soul like his, must have had an expression not to be transferred to marble or canvas; and it may be almost positively af firmed, that the contradictory features of Tragedy and Comedy must have been shown physiognomically, by lineaments utterly inexplicable, though harmoniously blended.

The Results of Two Experiments in Teaching

the Latin Language, &c. By the Rev. W. Stevens, Maidstone. 8vo. pp. 24. WE are not of opinion that, in technical language, construing forms

1929.]

REVIEW.-Stevens on the Latin Language.

very

the chief part of education in the private schools, as composition does in those which are public; nor do we believe that the great advantages of classical education can be acquired by construing. Goldsmith has objected to the use of translations by boys, because the trouble of looking-out in the Dictionary, causes them to exert their memories in the retention of the meanings, and certain we are that, when Dictionary and Grammar-work become unnecessary, progress is rapid. But without composition, especially versification, because the measure requires boys to have a stock of synonyms, the language is imperfectly learned; and we are sure that boys merely educated by construing, do not and cannot equal the boys educated at the great public schools. The system mentioned by Mr. Stevens carries with it, however, a very plausible recommendation with regard to boys who have only time to acquire a partial and limited knowledge of Greek and Latin, i. e. an ability of understanding a Latin author. We think that a fair case is made out, sufficient for vindication of the Hamiltonian aystem, to a certain extent, and with regard to the pupils described. It is evidently a suggestion derived from Blair and LanCaster's methods; and long before its public annunciation, the Eclogues of Virgil were published with a free translation, to give boys an idea of the meaning of the original, and not without success, because, if a sentence makes sense, it is rightly construed; and, the leg being given, the only study is how to draw on the boot to it. As, however, many of our readers do not know what is the Hamiltonian system, we shall explain it by the following extracts. It is to be remembered that the substance of the system consists in construing by literal tranlation and parsing.

Dr. Morell of Brighton says,

"By combining the use of exact literal translation with the study of the grammar and the practice of parsing, from the age of nine to eleven, so much may be acquired both in Latin and Greek, as will make the future progress easy and certain."-Pp. 7, 8.

Mr. Stevens's account of his success with interlinear translations, and other Hamiltonisms, is as follows.

"The sentences of Nepos being longer and more involved, the teacher, at the commencement with it, himself reads each sen

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tence first, requiring it to be read by the pupils once, twice, and sometimes oftener, when there was difficulty in the construction, or many words occurred that were entirely new; but the number of repetitions of each sentence was gradually diminished, till they could translate, with the occasional assistance only of the teacher; and after a short time they had acquired so much facility in the translation of their authors that the previous teaching became unnecessary. From this time to the end, they prepared with ease two closely printed duodecimo pages daily. At the conclusion of Nepos they were in possession of a very considerable store of words, and acquaintance with Latin construction; and the manner in which they immediately translated Cæsar, shewed the advantage of the method of study which they had pursued, and the excellence of the last author as a preparative for those that followed; for they were now thrown more upon their own energies; they had no longer any strictly literal translations to assist them; what they failed to carry away with them on the first reading, they had no other help to supply them with than their dictionary and grammar; and yet after the first five or six lessons, in which the same plan was adopted as in the commencement of the preceding author, they could of themselves, without a previous reading, without a translation of any kind, with no other help than their dictionary and grammar, prepare at first two, then three, and latterly, at their own request, four pages of Dymock's Cæsar daily. If, however, they met with a passage of unusual difficulty, they were encouraged to ask assistance of

their teacher, rather than be allowed to exhaust their patience and their energies upon what it was not probable they would discover without help. But it did not frequently happen that their own ingenuity and knowledge of words did not enable them readily to determine the sense of their author with accuracy. The following instance, proving that the general fear that a Hamiltonian pupil's knowledge of a language will be superficial, and that he will be acquainted with the significations of words only, so far as he recollects the drift of the subjects, is without foundation, may probably be as satisfactory as it is novel in children of their age and standing in the language. When they had translated the greater part of Casar, they were asked how long a time they required to translate a page of a part they had never before seen. The answer of the elder brother was that he could read it generally as fast as he could English. The younger, as though he felt himself unable adequately to express the little time and labour it cost him, replied that he did not require more than "half a minute." None will suppose it probable that either of the answers would be strictly correct, yet they

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REVIEW-Foreign Review, No. IV.

both shew that the children felt themselves masters of their author. The reality of their progress was frequently put to the test in a variety of ways; and the fluency and even freedom with which both classes, when at this point of advancement, would give an English version of passages of considerable length without taking up the Latin in the usual manner of construing, though called upon unexpectedly; the precision with which, at the instant, they would render oblique cases, or derived tenses, in an entirely new connexion; the familiar acquaintance they manifested with the peculiarities of Latin construction and phraseology, in the ease with which they would translate, off-hand, passages they had never before seen, and in the rapidity with which the eye would pass over from the nominative case to its verb, although it lay the distance of several lines, have often given me indescribable pleasure." Pp. 9—12.

It is the greatest known hardship in tuition, to introduce boys from the grammar to construing, and incipient composition. If the statement of Mr. Stevens be not too highly coloured, on purpose to recommend his own school, the hardship no longer exists.

All we know is, that adults have acquired the sense of a Latin author very quickly, without any such method:-simply, by a few words anticipating the meaning of the whole passage.

The Foreign Review, No. IV. AN army without drummers and trumpeters is a good assimilation of literature without reviews. Intellect may march, but if it does so in silence, nobody, except stray passengers and residents on the line of road, will know any thing about it. How intellect marches at home, viz. on recruiting service for projectors and innovators in politics and religion, though it is of enormous benefit in the Arts and Sciences, we easily discover, from the newspapers and periodicals; but how the said intellect marches in foreign countries, we should never know, unless for the useful aid of journals like this before us.

The first article in the present number is Russian Literature. To us it appears imitative only-the Poetry without imagination, and the History without Archæology and Philosophy. Pegasus is of course a mere hack, and History a tobacco-smoking proser. The Critics have warmly praised it, and every kind feeling is due to an infant

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state-nevertheless an apprentice is not a master; and Russia is at present only the former.

The second article is an excellent exposé of the subtle stratagems of those political sappers and miners the Jesuits; fellows that blow up fortresses without gunpowder. Among us such things are prevented. After the battle of Navarin, a Chaplain of one of the ships which had suffered most severely, asked the Captain whether he should read the burial-service over some deceased men ; "No, I'd rather you did not, it may disspirit the men, and we may have to contend with the forts before we leave the harbour." There are those who would accuse the commanding officer of religious indifference, but as, independent of the public service, one victory prevents more battles, and defeat is attended with more loss of life than conquest, the Captain was actuated by wise and proper motives. All associations, political or religious, have domination for that object, and Jesuits, ander another ap pellation, are not extinct. The following extract is edifying:

"The domination of the Jesuits in Germany, Naples, and Italy, in the 17th century, was founded on the system of associations A remarkable act of the Genoese republic in 1604 is evidence on the subject; it had been ascertained that the Jesuits had formed societies with codes and resolutions opposed to the ordinances of the state, and in which the members took oaths to vote at the elections of the magistracy, only for those of their association.'

"Brotherhoods of the same kind crowded France at the same period; even Louis XIV. seems to have been a member. The Jesuits having thus obtained possession of the civil portion of the community, next addressed themselves to the masters of the army. It was ascertained in 1716, that they were intriguing among the troops; and that they had made in every regiment a certain number of proselytes, to whom they prescribed particular rules. Those rules consisted chiefly in repeating every day prayers according to forms, dictated by the Jesuits, and by which the soldiers supplicated for the preservation of religion, and the state, which they were taught to believe to be in great danger. Among these soldiers, too, the Jesuits made selections of the more docile, and formed them into a brotherhood, of the sacred heart of Jesus;' those were admitted only under particular vows of fidelity, which consisted in promising to defend to death the bull unigenitus, the papal rights, and the late king's will.

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