ing this time, from a complaint in his eyes; and, of the inadequate leisure thus left him, part even of that was dedicated to what may be deemed accomplishment; for he acquired, among other things, a knowledge of music. When he exchanged his trade for the superintendence of a charity school, his hours were not much more at his own disposal. It was at this time that doctor Jonathan Scott furnished him with an Arabic grammar; and he had then, for the first time in his life, the pleasure of conversing upon the study in which he was engaged. To this circumstance, and the wonderful proficiency of Mr. Lee (for in a few months he was capable of reading, writing and composing, both in Arabic and Persian), we may attribute Mr. Lee's subsequent engagement with the church missionary society, his admission at Queen's college, Cambridge, and his ordination as a minister of the established church. When he entered at Cambridge, he was unacquainted with the mathematics, but, in one fortnight, qualified himself to attend a class which had gone through several books in Euclid, and soon after discovered an error in a Treatise on Spherical Trigonometry, usually bound up with Simpson's Euclid, the fourteenth proposition of which he disproved. Mr. Lee's chief attention, however, has been turned to theological and philological pursuits; and he has made great progress in translating the Scriptures into various Oriental languages. In 1819, he was appointed Arabic professor to the university of Cambridge. LESLIE, sir John, died in November, 1832, having been knighted a few months previous to his death. LIFE-BUOY. The life-buoy, now commonly used in the British navy, is the invention of lieutenant Coots, of the royal navy. It consists of two hollow copper vessels connected together, each about as large as an ordinary sized pillow, and of buoyancy and capacity sufficient to support one man standing upon them. Should there be more than one person requiring support, they can lay hold of rope beckets, fitted to the buoy, and so sustain themselves. Between the two copper vessels, there stands up a hollow pole, or mast, into which is inserted, from below, an iron rod, whose lower extremity is loaded with lead, in such a manner that, when the buoy is let go, the iron slips down to a certain extent, lengthens the lever, and enables the lead at the end to act as ballast. By this means the mast is kept upright, and the buoy prevented 41 VOL. XIII. from upsetting. The weight at the end of the rod is arranged so as to afford secure footing for two persons, should that number reach it; and there are, also, as was said before, large rope beckets, through which others can thrust their head and shoulders, till assistance is rendered. At the top of the mast is fixed a port-fire, calculated to burn about twenty minutes, or half an hour: this is ignited, most ingeniously, by the same process which lets the buoy fall into the water; so that a man, falling overboard at night, is directed to the buoy by the blaze on the top of its pole or mast, and the boat sent to rescue him also knows in what direction to pull. The method by which this excelÎent invention is attached to the ship, and dropped into the water in a single instant, is, perhaps, not the least ingenious part of the contrivance. The buoy is generally fixed amid-ships, over the stern, where it is held securely in its place by being strung, or threaded, as it were, on two strong perpendicular rods, fixed to the tafferel, and inserted in holes piercing the frame work of the buoy. The apparatus is kept in its place by what is called a slipstopper, a sort of catch-bolt, or detent, which can be unlocked at pleasure by merely pulling a trigger: upon withdrawing the stopper, the whole machine slips along the rods, and falls at once into the ship's wake. The trigger, which unlocks the slip-stopper, is furnished with a lanyard, passing through a hole in the stern, and having, at its inner end, a large knob, marked "LIFE-BUOY:" this alone is used in the day-time. Close at hand is another wooden knob, marked "Lock," fastened to the end of a line fixed to the trigger of a gun-lock primed with powder, and so arranged that, when the line is pulled, the port-fire is instantly ignited; while, at the same moment, the life-buoy descends, and floats merrily away, blazing like a light-house. The gunner, who has charge of the life-buoy lock, sees it freshly and carefully primed every evening at quarters, of which he makes a report to the captain. In the morning, the priming is taken out, and the lock uncocked. During the night, a man is always stationed at this part of the ship; and every half hour, when the bell strikes, he calls out, "Life-Buoy!" to show that he is awake and at his post, exactly in the same manner as the look-out men abaft, on the beam and forward, call out, "Starboard quarter!" "Starboard gangway! !" "Starboard bow!" and so on, completely round the ship, to prove that they are not nap ping. (Captain Basil Hall's Fragments of Voyages; second series.) LINDEN-TREE. (See Lime.) LINDSEY, Theophilus, a celebrated divine of the Unitarian persuasion, was born at Middlewich, in Cheshire, June 20, 1723. His father was an eminent salt proprietor; and Theophilus, the second of his three children, took that name from his godfather Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. He received his grammar education at Middlewich and Leeds, and, at the age of eighteen, was admitted a scholar at St. John's college, Cambridge. Having taken orders, by the recommendation of the earl of Huntingdon, he was appointed domestic chaplain to the duke of Somerset, and, in 1754, accompanied earl Percy to the continent. On his return, he married the daughter of archdeacon Blackburne, and was presented to a living in Dorsetshire, which he exchanged, in 1764, for the vicarage of Catterick, in Yorkshire. In 1771, he zealously coöperated, with archdeacon Blackburne, doctor John Jebb, Mr. Wyvil, and others, to obtain relief in matters of subscription to the thirty-nine articles. Having long entertained a doubt of the doctrine of the Trinity, in 1773, he honorably resigned his livings, and went to London, where, in April, 1774, he performed divine service in a room in Essex street, Strand, which was conducted according to the plan of a liturgy, altered from that of the establishment by the celebrated doctor Samuel Clarke. About the same time, he published his Apology, of which several editions were called for in a few years. This was followed by a larger volume, entitled a Sequel to the Apology, in which he replies to the various answers given to his first work. In 1778, he was enabled, by the assistance of friends, to build a regular chapel in Essex street, the service of which he conducted, in conjunction with doctor Disney, until 1793, when he resigned the pulpit, but continued as active as ever with the pen. In 1802, he published his last work, entitled Considerations on the Divine Government. He died Nov. 3, 1803, in his eightieth year. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote on the Preface to St. John's Gospel, on Praying to Christ, an Historical View of the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship from the Reformation, and several other pieces. Two volumes of his sermons have also been published since his death. LINNET. (See Finch.) LOBLOLLY. (See Pine.) LOCHABER-AXE. (See Highlands.) LOUPS-GAROUX. (See Lycanthropy.) M. MAAS. (See Meuse.) MACKINTOSH, Sir James, died in London, May 30, 1832. (See North American Review for October, 1832.) MAGIC LANTERN. (See Lantern.) MAHON, VISCOUNT. (See Stanhope, Henry Philip.) MAKI. (See Lemur.) MAY-BUG. (See Cockchaffer.) MENAGERIE. The literal meaning of the word menagerie points out one of the principal objects of a collection of various living animals. Ménagerie is derived from the French word ménager, from which we derive our English verb to manage. The name ménagerie was originally applied to a place for domestic animals, with reference to their nurture and training: it now means any collection of animals. Daubenton and other distinguished naturalists have believed that the ferocity of many of the carnivorous animals may be entirely conquered in the course of time; that they only flee from man through fear, and attack and devour other animals through the pressing calls of hunger; and that the association with human beings, and an abundant supply of food, would render even the lion, the tiger and the wolf, as manageable as our domestic animals. In support of this theory, it may be observed that, although the tiger and the domestic cat have many properties in common, the conquest of the latter species is now complete; and further, that some of the most ferocious animals which have been bred in a state of confinement, or taken exceedingly young, have become perfectly tractable and harmless with those who have rightly understood their natures. The accidents which have sometimes occurred to the attendants of wild beasts, and which are attributed to the treachery of their dispositions, have generally proceeded from an ignorance of their habits. But if it be too much to hope that the ferocious animals may be subdued to our uses, through the education which well-conducted menageries would afford, it cannot be doubted that such establishments offer most interesting opportunities for observing the peculiarities of a great variety of creatures, whose instincts are calculated to excite a rational curiosity, and to fill the mind with that pure and delightful knowledge which is to be acquired in every department of the study of nature. The most common animals offer to the attentive observer objects of the deepest interest. The menagerie of the Tower is now very flourishing. It contains some extremely fine specimens of more than forty quadrupeds, and of various birds and reptiles. The dens in which the animals are kept are tolerably commodious, and great attention is paid to their cleanliness. This collection has lately been made the subject of a very interesting volume. But the Tower menagerie was not always as valuable as at the present time. In 1822, the collection comprised only an elephant, a bear, and two or three birds. It had gradually declined in value for half a century; in some degree, perhaps, from the force of popular prejudice, which was accustomed to consider it only an occupation and amusement for children to make a visit to the "lions in the Tower." In the barbarous ages, and till within the last century, beasts of prey were considered the especial property of kings, as something typical of their power and greatness. In the fortress where the crown of the ancient English monarchs was kept, were also confined their lions. These were generally maintained at the expense of the people, and sometimes of the civic officers of London, by special writ; and the keeper of the lions was a person of rank attached to the court. Gradually, this exertion of the royal prerogative fell into decay; and if a foreign potentate presented a tiger or a leopard to the king, as was often the case with the rulers of the maritime states of Africa, the animal was given to the keeper of the menagerie, to add to his stock of attractions for the public. The beasts of prey which are presented to the king are, in nearly every case, sent to the Tower: but George IV formed a very fine collection of such quaarupeds as are more capable of domestication, and of birds, in Windsor great park, at a lodge called Sand-pit gate. Before the establishment of the gardens of the zoological society, this royal collection offered almost the only opportunity of seeing many of the rarer species of animals in their natural condition. In this menagerie they are not pent up in miserable dens, but have large open sheds, with spacious paddocks to range in, water in plenty, and spreading trees to shade them from the noonday sun. The collection is open to the public gratuitously; and here may be seen the giraffe, various species of antelopes and deer, kangaroos in great numbers, zebras, quaggas, ostriches and emeus rearing their young as fearless as the barn-door fowl. The duke of Devonshire has, at his villa at Chiswick, a small collection, which, as in the instance of the Windsor park menagerie, offers the delightful exhibition of several quadrupeds and birds exercising their natural habits almost without restraint. At Chiswick, there was, for many years, a particularly sagacious female elephant, which followed her keeper about the field, in which her spacious hut was placed, knelt down at his bidding, and bore him on her neck in the manner which we read of in books of Oriental history or travel. This interesting animal died in 1828. The establishment of the ménagerie at the Jardin des Plantes has afforded opportunities for the study of natural history, which have advanced the branch of the science that relates to quadrupeds in a most remarkable degree. The accurate descriptions of Cuvier, of Geoffroy, of Desmarest, and of other distinguished naturalists of France, are principally to be ascribed to their diligent studies in this school. The value of menageries, not only for popular but for scientific study, depends, however, very much upon the arrangements which determine their construction and regulation. The great object should be, as far as possible, to exhibit the animals in their natural state. It has been a favorite plan with many naturalists to establish a garden, in which the animal should find himself surrounded by his natural food-where the beaver should live amidst a rivulet and a bank of poplars, and the reindeer browse upon his native lichen. Great difficulties, of course, present themselves to the completion of such a project; and though its execution were compatible with any reasonable expense, the difficulty of adjust ing the temperature of our climate to the MERY. (See Barthélemy and Méry, in this Appendix.) METALLIC TRACTORS. (See Perkins.) Charles.) MILFOIL. (See Yarrow.) MILLING. (See Fulling.) MIRACLES, in the drama. (See Mysteries.) MITCHILL, doctor Samuel Latham, was born in the year 1764, in Queen's county, Long Island, not far from New York. His family were Quakers, and his father was a respectable farmer. For the excellent education, classical as well as otherwise, which he received, he was indebted to his maternal uncle, doctor Samuel Latham, who, perceiving the germs of his talents, adopted him as his son, and gave him every advantage which the best tuition could afford. After the termination of the revolutionary war, young Mitchill, then in his twentieth year, was sent to Edinburgh to attend the courses of its school of medicine. He did not, however, confine himself to the medical lectures, but regularly attended the distinguished professors of natural science and history, and devoted, likewise, a portion of his time to the ancient and modern languages, and even to the elegant arts. Soon after his return, he analysed the springs at Saratoga, which soon after attained great celebrity. In 1792, he was chosen a member of the legislature of his native state, and, shortly afterwards, was appointed professor of chemistry, natural history, and agriculture, in Columbia college. He was the first person in this country to promulgate, in his chemical lectures, the nomenclature of Lavoisier, which he had adopted, although he had been the pupil, at Edinburgh, of the famous doctor Black, who upheld the phlogistic theory. In 1796, he made a memorable mineralogical report to the agricultural society, which is to be found entire in the Medical Repository. To natural history, and especially botany, he was zealously devoted, as appears from the discourse which he delivered at the anniversary of the New York historical society, giving an account of every work and writer that has illustrated the botany of North and South America. In the practice of his profession, doctor Mitchill was highly distinguished. He was a professor of materia medica in the university, the adviser, trustee or attending physician of the New York city hospital, and of a large number of the charitable institutions of that town, and a voluminous writer on matters of medical science. He was the originator of the American Medical Repository, and its presiding editor until the close of the fourteenth volume. Notwithstanding the variety and extent of his professional and scientific labors, he yet found time to mingle in the bustle of politics. It has MULE JENNY. (See Cotton Manufacture.) MUTINY, on board of a merchant vessel, was not formerly punishable by death in England; but now, by statute 11 and 12 William III, c. 7, sec. 9, made perpetual by 6 George I, c. 19, it is enacted, that any seaman or mariner, who shall, in any place where the admiral has jurisdiction, lay violent hands on his commander, whereby to hinder him from fighting in defence of the ship and goods committed to his charge, or shall confine his master, or make or endeavor to make a revolt in the ship, shall suffer pains of death, loss of lands, goods and chattels, as pirates, felons and robbers upon the seas have suffered and ought to suffer. Similar offences, such as the running away with the ship, or any barge, boat, ordnance, ammunition, goods, or merchandises, the yielding of them up voluntarily to pirates, the bringing of seducing messages from pirates, enemies, or rebels, the confederating with, or attempting to corrupt, any commander or mariner to yield up or run away with the ship, &c., the turning pirate, or going over to pirates, are, by the same acts, punishable in the same way. By other statutes, the wilful destruction, casting away, or burning of any ship, with intent to injure the owner, is punishable with death. In case of mutiny, the master is justified in using means sufficient to repress it; and if the death of any of the mutineers ensue, the master is justified, provided the force which he uses be fairly required by the exigency of the occasion; and the master's conduct is not to be scanned too nicely, as it must be borne in mind, that he is generally far removed from all assistance, and that his own safety and that of the ship and cargo chiefly depend upon the due maintenance of his authority. Mutiny in the royal navy is punishable under the provisions of the statute 22 George II, c. 33, which contains the rules or articles of the navy. Among the numerous offences enumerated in that statute, those which partake of the character of mutiny are as follows: the running away with the ship, or any ordnance, ammunition or stores belonging thereto, the making or endeavoring to make any mutinous assembly, the uttering of any words of sedition or mutiny, the concealing of any traitorous or mutinous design, the striking of a superior officer, or drawing or offering to draw or lift up any weapon against him, being in the execution of his office, on any pretence whatsoever, the presuming to quarrel with a superior officer, being in the execution of his office, or the disobeying of any lawful command of a superior officer. All the above offences are punishable with death. With regard to some, and those the least heinous of them, the court-martial has a discretionary power of awarding a less punishment. The behaving with contempt towards a superior officer, being in the execution of his office, the concealing of traitorous or mutinous words spoken by any, to the prejudice of his majesty or government, or the concealing of any words, practice, or design, tending to the hinderance of the service, and not revealing the same to the commanding officer, and the endeavoring to make a disturbance on account of the unwholesomeness of the victuals, or on any other ground, are punishable with such punishment as a court-martial shall think fit to award. Mutiny in the army is punishable under the mutiny act. By this act the king is empowered to make articles of war; i. e. rules or orders for the better government of the army. The mutiny act provides that no offence shall be made punishable with death, except those which are specified therein. These |