Plate I.

THE O. VI,

If in any two triangles, ABC, DEF, there be two sides, AB, AC in the one, severally equal to DE, DF in the other, and the angle A contained between the two sides in the one, equal to D in the other; then the remaining angles of the one, will be severally equal to those of the other, viz. BE and CF: and the base of the one BC, will be equal to EF, that of the other. fig. 24.

If the triangle ABC be supposed to be laid on the triangle DEF, so as to make the points A and B coincide with D and E, which they will do, because ABDE (by the hypothesis); and since the angle AD, the line AC will fall along DF, and inasmuch as they are supposed equal, Č will fall in F; seeing therefore the three points of one coincide with those of the other triangle, they are manifestly equal to each other; therefore the angle BE and C=F, and BC=EF. Q. E. D.

LEMM A.

If two sides of a triangle a b c be equal to each other that is, ac=cb; the angles which are opposite to those equal sides, will also be equal to each other; viz. a—b. fig. 11.

For let the triangle a b c be divided into two triangles a c d, dc b, by making the angle a c d= dc b (by postulate 4.) then because a cb c, and cd common (by the last) the triangle a d c=d c b; and therefore the angle a=b. Q. E. D.

Plate I.

Cor. Hence if from any point in a perpendicular which bisects a given line, there be drawn right lines to the extremities of the given one, they with it will form an isosceles triangle.

THE O. VII.

The angle BCD at the centre of a circle ABED, is double the angle B AD at the circumference, standing upon the same arc BED. fig. 25.

Through the point A, and the centre C, draw the line ACE: then the angle ECD CAD + CDA; (by theo. 4.) but since ACCD being radii of the same circle, it is plain (by the preceding lemma) that the angles subtended by them will be also equal, and that their sum is double to either of them, that is, DAC + ADC is double to CAD, and therefore ECD is double to CAD; after the same manner BCE is double to CAB, wherefore, BCE + ECD, or BCD is double to BAC+CAD or to BAD. Q. E. D.

Cor. 1. Hence an angle at the circumference is measured by half the arc it subtends or stands on.

Cor. 2. Hence all angles at the circumference of a circle which stand on the same chord as AB, are equal to each other, for they are all measured by half the arc they stand on, viz. by half the arc AB. fig. 26.

Cor.

Plate I.

Cor. 3. Hence an angle in a segment greater than a semicircle is less than a right angle; thus ADB is measured by half the arc AB, but as the arc AB is less than a semicircle, therefore half the arc AB, or the angle ADB is less than half a semicircle, and consequently less than a right angle. fig. 26.

Cor. 4. An angle in a segment less than a semicircle, is greater than a right angle, for since the arc AEC is greater than a semicircle, its half, which is the measure of the angle ABC, must be greater than half a semicircle, that is, greater than a right angle. fig. 27.

Cor. 5. An angle in a semicircle is a right angle, for the measure of the angle ABD, is half of a semicircle AED, and therefore a right angle. fig. 28.

THE O. VIII.

If from the centre C of a circle ABE, there be let fall the perpendicular CD on the chord AB, it will bisect it in the point D. fig. 29.

Let the lines CA and CB be drawn from the centre to the extremities of the chord, then since CA=CB, the angle CAB CBA (by the lemma.) But the triangles ADC, BDC are right angled ones, since the line CD is a perpendicular; and so the angle ACD=DCB; (by cor. 2. theo. 5.) then have we AC, CD, and the angle ACD in one triangle; severally equal to CB, CD, and the angle BCD in the other: therefore (by theo. 6.) A=DB. Q. E. D.

Plate I.

Cor. Hence it follows, that any line bisecting a chord at right angles, is a diameter; for a line drawn from the centre perpendicular to a chord, bisects that chord at right angles; therefore, conversely, a line bisecting a chord at right angles must pass through the centre, and consequently be a diameter.

THE O. IX.

If from the centre of a circle ABE there be drawn a perpendicular CD on the chord AB, and produced till it meets the circle in F, that line CF, will_bisect the arc AB in the point F. fig. 29.

Let the lines AF and BF be drawn, then in the triangles ADF, BDF; AD=BD (by the last;) DF is common, and the angle ADF = BDF being both right, for CD or DF is a perpendicular. Therefore (by theo. 6.) AF FB; but in the same circle, equal lines are chords of equal arcs, since they measure them (by def. 19.) whence the arc AF FB, and so AFB is bisected in F, by the line CF.

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Cor. Hence the sine of an arc is half the chord of twice that arc. For AD is the sine of the arc AF (by def. 22.) AF is half the arc, and AD half the chord AB (by theo. 8.) therefore the cor. is plain.

Plate I.

THE O. X.

In any triangle ABD, the half of each side is the sine of the opposite angle. fig. 30.

Let the circle ADB be drawn thro' the points A, B, D; then the angle DAB is measured by half the arc BKD (by cor. 1. theo. 7.) viz. the chord of BK is the measure of the angle BAD ; therefore (by cor. to the last) BE the half of BD is the sine of BAD: the same way may be proved, that half of AD is the sine of ABD, and the half of AB the sine of ADB. Q. E. D.

THE O. XI.

If a right line GH cut two other right lines AB, CD, so as to make the alternate angles AEF, EFD equal to each other, then the lines AB and CD will be parallel. fig. 22.

If it be denied that AB is parallel to CD, let IK be parallel to it; then IEF (FED)=AEF (by part 2. theo. 3.) a greater to a less, which is absurd, whence IK is not parallel; and the like we can prove of all other lines but AB; therefore AB is parallel to CD. Q. E. D.

THE O. XII.

If two equal and parallel lines AB, CD, be joined by two other lines AD, BC, those shall be also equal and parallel. fig. 3.