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late books are not wanted. Owing to the nature of the climate, most of our out-door work must be performed either in the morn

mate success must rest mainly on the native agency which we are endeavoring to raise; but without a large European agency, in the first place, to direct and carry on the working or evening, so that those who are princito a certain extent, we can never put in motion the native agency required. Some thousands of converts must be made, and regular churches formed, before we can expect to raise a large body of natives capable of preaching the gospel.

Were I asked what kind of men are required for the missionary work in this part of the world, I should say, Precisely of the same order as those who form the most pious, able, and well-instructed body of the ministers in the British churches. The idea that a different or rather inferior order of men than those constituting the home ministry may do in the heathen world, has had an injurious tendency. How such an impression could have originated has always been to me a mystery.

pally engaged in preaching can, assisted by natives, accomplish such duties of a literary nature as are required, during the hours of each day, when they are obliged to remain in their houses.

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The men, therefore, adapted for this part of the world, are those who seem most likely to be the soonest called to the pastoral office at home. They should by all means be fluent preachers in English-not that want English preachers-but simply because a man who does not preach well in his vernacular tongue, will scarcely be able to preach at all in an Indian language. Some are apt to imagine that among the heather we can only bring our conversational abilities into operation, so that a man may in this way do very well who could not effectively address a large audience. In some places this may be the case, but observation and experience have fully convinced me that it is not so here. All our successful missionaries, as far as I can ascertain, have been

and are men of preaching talents. The mere arguer is generally disliked and violently opposed by the heathen, while to the fluent and persuasive preacher they listen with uncommon respect and attention.

A missionary in India would require a versatility of talent rarely called for in the pastors of stated congregations, and if not a man of extensive knowledge, would never be able to command respect, nor to meet the arguments used by almost every class of the native opponents of truth. He will have to combat, in a variety of new forms, all the metaphysical difficulties that have been brought against Christianity by the infidel philosophers of Europe, and unless, before entering the work, he is well fur-given by holy and devoted men, on whom nished with information, he will always labor under far greater disadvantages than an ill-instructed minister at home, who can apply to numerous sources of improvement entirely beyond the reach of the missionary.

As far as India is concerned, it is admitted, generally, that respectable talents, and a good education are necessary; but many young men have not fully understood what kind of attainments are required. It is known that the languages are difficult, and hence some who are good linguists, but do not succeed so well as preachers, conclude that they may do more good in India than in England. A greater mistake could scarcely be made. The mere linguist is the most useless of all men as a missionary in this country. Learning languages is no part of missionary work, though a necessary preparation for it. It would be needless for a man to come out to India who cannot learn a language; but if he can do little else he had better remain at home, where he may be of more use. Most men who have a ready utterance in their own language will be able, with attention, to acquire a similar readiness in another; but the greatest booklinguist, who has not a fluent elocution in his native tongue, will only speak an oriental language ten times worse than his

own.

The great work in India is preaching the gospel. Men who can only write or trans

The help we want is such as can only be

God has bestowed energy, both of mind and body-men who will go forth to the highways and hedges, the crowded streets, and places of public resort, and proclaim, in a manner calculated to rouse the attention of a people sunk in spiritual apathy and souldestroying superstition, the unsearchable riches of Christ.

That men of this description are not easily found is but too true. Still there is reason to rejoice that in our seminaries of learning, and among the younger part of the ministry, there are many to whom we would say, Come over and help us. In England your services are no doubt wanted, but much more in India. This country is as open to the labors of the evangelist as England itself, and a fearful responsibility rests upon us if we neglect it. On every way-side, in every street and market-place, and even in the very temples of idolatry, congregations may at all times and seasons be collected to hear the gospel. The broad shield of an enlightened British government is thrown over the missionary in the humble and peaceful discharge of his duties. Wherever he goes, he can preach the gospel, not only without personal danger, but even without the risk of meeting with disrespect.

Why is it, my dear brethren, that so few of you are willing to come out to a field so extensive and so open to your exertions? Are there not some of you who have no obstacle in your way but your own inclina

tions? Is it true, that your zeal for preaching the gospel is only such as would induce you to preach it at home among your friends and countrymen? If so, examine well if you are called to preach it at all. What would our Savior have said when he delivered the command, "Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature," had one of the disciples replied, Lord, I am very willing to preach the gospel, but I cannot leave home!

When a young man of piety, zeal, and approved talent comes out to India, instead of being lost to the British churches, he often becomes of more use to them than had he staid at home. Who will say that Carey or Morrison were lost to England, though the one labored in India and the other in China? Did not their spirit thrill through the British churches, and give new life and zeal both to pastors and people? Did not their example invite thousands to a noble christian philanthropy, which is now blessing many a region ||

of the world?

The churches of my native land have claims on me, but these I am sure I discharge best by laboring at Benares as a messenger from them all: and if any one should say, I ought to have discharged it by preaching the gospel at home, I can point to some who are now doing so, who, in all probability, had not entered the ministry at all had I not been a missionary. Instead of the home ministry being impoverished by your coming out to India, it will be enriched. The stream of missionary devotedness that flows from England to India will fertilize the land from which it flows, as much as that to which it proceeds.

The

we ought to be ashamed of being unwilling to endure, for the souls of men, what thousands of our countrymen are ready to brave merely to procure a competency of this world's goods. I entreat you to consider the claims of this part of the heathen world, in a spirit of prayer.

MISSION OF THE RHENISH MISSIONARY
SOCIETY IN BORNEO.

THE organization of the Rhenish Missionary Society, which receives its patronage principally from the territory situated between the Rhine and the Mease, in the western part of Germany, was noticed at p. 28, vol. xxvi, and its missions at p. 81, vol. xxxi. A letter from Mr. Arms, giving an account of his arrival at Puntianak, on the western side of Borneo, with the hope of establishing a mission there, was inserted at p. 114 of the last number; as was also, at p. 125, a notice of Mr. Barenstein's visit to the same island, with a similar purpose, and also the arrival at Batavia of a company of associates from his society in Germany, with whom Mr. B. expected soon to return to Borneo and commence his labors.

The Chinese Repository for September furnishes the following account of the visit of Mr. Barenstein, and the prospects of the contemplated mission, with prefatory remarks by the editor of the work.

"This voyage was undertaken by Mr. Lukas Monton, and the Rev. Mr. Barenstein, missionary of the Rhenish Missionary Society.

Mr. Monton is a native of one of the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and has been for several years connected with the mission at Batavia, under the direction of the Rev. Mr. Medhurst, who has kindly sent us in manascript a full account of the voyage to Borneo. The Journal of the voyage confirms the account given of the Dayaks in our last volume-see p. 498. The voyagers

There is no self-denial in coming out to India, but what thousands willingly submit to for the sake of worldly advantages. There is nothing in the climate to alarm any one of ordinary resolution. Thousands of our countrymen enjoy as good health in it as they could at home. Many of them live to a great age; some I know who have been about sixty years in this part of India, though they came out after reaching manhood. A friend of mine has a list of twenty persons still alive who were his companions at a neighboring station in 1782, and who were then officers under government. climate has, in fact, been very much calum-left Batavia the 12th of May, 1835, on board niated. There are unhealthy stations, and from these a good many have gone home with broken constitutions. There is cause to regret that most of the missionary stations of all societies have been formed on the coasts, and in the lower parts of Bengal, where the climate is much less adapted to European constitutions than that of Hindostan or the Upper Provinces, where we have a dry climate, with about six months in the year of cool bracing weather. I have made these remarks on the climate because I know some are afraid of it; but were it even as prejudicial as it is sometimes represented,

an Arabian vessel; and, after visiting several places on the eastern shore of Java, they sailed for Banjer-masin, where they arrived late in the month of June, and when Mr. Barenstein was suffering with severe illness. However, he was soon well again, and able to prosecute the object of his mission. In the mean time, Mr. Monton engaged in the distribution of christian books. A few extracts, which may serve as specimens of the whole journal, are all that our limits will admit. The voyagers re-embarked at Banjer-masin for Java on the 1st of August."

No sooner were they comfortably settled, || On seeing this, he thought it unnecessary to

distribute books there, and was about to move off to the middle of the river, when a man came after him in a small boat, asking for a book; Mr. M. gave him one, and desired him to read it, and as he was reading a woman came to hear, who also asked for a book, and immediately read it aloud. Upon this, the whole mass of women came in small boats, asking for books, and pressed so close upon the distributer that he was afraid of sinking, while prahu was pressing over prahu. He therefore told his boatman to row hard, in order to get away, but the women seized his prahu and would not let him escape, until he had satisfied their demand for books. After this, he pulled along. side of a large prahu, and getting on board, he divided the books among the assembled

than Mr. Monton applied to the resident for
permission to distribute books; and the Lord,
who has all hearts in his hands, inclined him
not only to comply with the request, but to
give some wholesome advice regarding his
conduct in the business: observing that our
religion was not to be spread by force, but
by mild persuasion, and that it became us
rather to suffer wrong in the holy cause than
to inflict it on others. Upon this, a begin-
ning was made with the Chinese, because
they were few in number and had become
so familiar with the Malay language and the
Arabic character that they could read and
write them better than their own. The Chi-
nese were, however, struck with the circum-
stance of books being distributed to the peo-
ple, and said in their simplicity, that these
wonderful events portended the near ap-crowd, till they were all gone.
proach of the judgment day. On returning
to his lodgings, a number of Chinese came
to ask Mr. Monton for books. One rich and
influential man, of the name of Bola, desired
much to be acquainted with our religion;
saying, that, if he could be convinced of the
truth of Christianity he would become a
Christian. At Bola's invitation Mr. Monton
went to his house, where he found a number
of Chinese, as well as Malays and Arabs,
with their priests, assembled. Bola then
said, that he had convened all these together,
that by listening to their different accounts
he might judge where the truth lay; for, the
Malay priests had constantly informed him
that, unless he became a Mohammedan he
would not enter heaven, and he now wished
to know whether or not that was true.
Monton then asked wherefore all these peo-
ple were assembled. They replied, to hear
some accounts of the books which has been
brought. He then began to discourse to
them from a tract which he held in his hand,
and continued till the house became full to
suffocation, on which account he asked them
to adjourn to the open air, where he contin-
ued his discourse with them from three to
six o'clock in the evening. All the Chinese
declared that this appeared to them the
right way, because it revealed to them the
love and mercy of God, and was accompan-
ied by the free gift of books, whereas the
Arab and Malay priests would never let
them have a Koran without paying for it,
nor give them any instruction unless they
distributed alms to the clergy. To all this,
the Mohammedans made no reply, but re-
turned to their houses apparently ashamed.

On the 8th, a minister of the sultan called and asked Mr. Monton to go to his house, and hold a conference of religious subjects, which he did, and answered their knotty and captious questions by appealing to the Scriptures, and bringing the word of God to bear on their hearts and consciences. Thus, numbers came from day to day to converse on religious subjects, and to ask for books, who were supplied as far as the stock would permit. Various persons also came to dispute, and among the rest a Malay priest, who tried every means to entangle the distributor of tracts in his talk, but was answered by reference to the mercy and grace of God, as displayed in the gracious undertaking of a Savior, so opposite to the encroaching and oppressive spirit displayed by Mohammed.

Mr.

On the the 5th of July, Mr. Monton went to the Malay campong that was under the authority of the sultan, where he found the people still more willing to hear; and able to read and understand the books; but the travelling was difficult, and was obliged to go from one house to another in boats; the market was held on the water in boats; and the market people were not men but women.

On the 9th of July, three piratical chiefs called. These men were small in stature, but of a fierce aspect, with red eyes and firm manuer, speaking in a very decided tone. They were natives of Borneo, and had been engaged in extensive piracies over the whole Indian Archipelago, along the coasts of Java, Sumatra, and the Malayan peninsula, infesting all the islands in the vicinity. The principal chief was called Hedji Java, and had his residence at Pulo Laut, on the southeast side of Borneo. This island was high and fertile, peopled by several thousand pirates, who had under them a number of Malays and Javanese, who have been taken from the various prahus captured by them. These were employed as slaves, or were sold to others, sometimes for sixteen rupees, and sometimes for a bundle of black sugar; while some of the more clever were employed in manufacturing guns and powder, together with other warlike implements. These three piratical chiefs, who afforded this information, had come to Banjer-masin with a view of submitting to the Dutch government, which they themselves were inclined to do, but to which their king was averse.

On the next day, they went to the village of another chief, named Pati Bunga Laut, and returned with him to the village of the former chief. Here a number of chiefs and people were assembled, who desired to know wherefore the travelers were come amongst the Dayaks. They replied, that their object in coming was to proclaim good news from God to their brethren the Dayaks. With this, the raja Panghulu appeared pleased, but Pati Bunga Laut did not seem so well disposed towards them. Upon this, Mr. Monton expatiated on the doctrines of the gospel, until the heart of Pati Bunga Laut appeared to be inclined towards them. The two chiefs then wished to enter into a covenant with the missiona

On the 14th of July the travelers set off from Banjer-masin for the country of the Dayaks, on board a prahu with thirteen men, and the same evening arrived at the village of Marabaan. There they distributed a few tracts, and the next day proceeded on their journey, and about seven o'clock in the evening arrived at the borders of the Dayak country. On the morning of the 16th, they entered some of the Dayak huts, and called on the son of the chief, named Raden Tuah, who requested a spelling-book, as he wanted to learn to read, in order to understand the religion of Jesus. They then went about in their boat from one village to another among the Dayaks, who were very glad to receive them, and to listen to their discourse on divine things, saying, This is the true doc-ries, because they said, the Lord must trine, and suits us better than the teaching of the Mohammedans, which we do not understand. Those of the Dayaks who understood the Malay language well, appeared perfectly astonished when they heard the missionaries speak of God and Christ, and heaven and hell, and seemed as men just awaking from sleep. On being asked, Will you follow this religion, they replied with one voice in the affirmative. Amongst the Dayaks were some Malays who resided there with the view of persuading the Dayaks to become Mohammedans, and in some instances they had been successful. One man in particular, had joined their party, but he was generally scorned by the other Dayaks, for his corrupt moral character, and for his desertion of his wife and children. The missionaries, however, told them that the religion of Jesus by no means required such conduct, but commanded us to do good to all, and especially to those of our own household; and that next year they would return and teach the Dayaks this religion. To this they all assented.

surely be with them, as many strangers had come to their country, but never any brought such divine instruction with them as what they now heard. They wished, therefore, to establish a fraternal agreement with the missionaries, on condition that the missionaries should teach them the way of God. The travelers replied, that if the Dayaks became the disciples of Christ, they would be constituted the brethren of Christians without any formal compact.

The Dayaks, however, insisted that the travelers should enter into a compact, according to the custom of the country, by means of blood. The missionaries were startled at this, thinking that the Dayaks meant to murder them, and committed themselves to their heavenly Father, praying that whether living or dying they might lie at the feet of their Savior. It appears, however, that it is the custom of the Dayaks, when they enter into a covenant with any one, to draw a little blood from each other's arms, and having mixed it with water to drink it together. Mr. Barenstein having agreed to do this, they took off their coats, and two officers came forward with small knives to take a little blood out of each of the travelers' arms, as well as out of those of the two chiefs; this being mixed together in four glasses of liquor, they drank severally from each other's glasses; after which they joined hands and kissed each other; then the people came forward and made obeisance to them, as the friends of the Dayak kings, crying out with a loud voice, Let us be friends and brethren forever, and may God

On the 17th of July, the travelers proceeded further up the river to the Great Dayak at a village called Pangkah, where they were received into the house of a chief named Seaji. In this house were a number of chambers, but their host gave them the middle hall to sleep in, because it was the post of honor among the Dayaks. They spoke to those assembled on the things of God, and were listened to with attention, but when they told them that in another year they would come and live among them, the Dayaks appeared extremely happy, and the chief expressed a wish to become a Christian. On the next morning the travel-help the Dayaks to obtain the knowledge ers pursued their journey, accompanied by the chief above named, to act as interpreter. Thus they went on, stopping at all the houses ou the sides of the river, and speaking to the people of the things of God, till in the evening of the 18th they arrived at the village of Gohang, where resided a Dayak chief, named Raden Anam raja Panghulu, who received them joyfully.

of God from the missionaries. The two chiefs then said, Brethren, be not afraid to dwell with us, for we will do you no harm, and if others wish to hurt you, we will defend you with our life's blood, and die ourselves ere you be slain. God be witness, and this whole assembly be witness, that this is true.

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

MISSIONARY TEACHERS AT THE SAND

WICH ISLANDS.

THE Company of teachers, whose embarkation for the Sandwich Islands was noticed at p. 43, being the first company of assistant missionaries who had been sent to those islands in that capacity, the occasion was used to make a statement of the reasons for sending school teachers to foreign stations, the kind of service which they are expected to perform, and its importance, and the general principles by which their conduct will be governed. The following extracts from the public instructions given before their embarkation, will show the views of the Committee on some of the points just mentioned.

But specific instructions must now be given to the nine lay teachers, these being the first missionaries of this class sent to the islands.

You have come, dear brethren, into this connection with the Board, with the expectation of making the cause of christian education at the Sandwich Islands your leading employment while you remain in the mission. You go to relieve the preachers of the word, as far as possible, from the care and instruction of schools. The mission, at its next general meeting, which will be held soon after your arrival, will decide upon your individual locations, and you will doubtless be dispersed over the islands, some of you residing at the stations of ordained missionaries, and a few, perhaps, alone.

In each of your districts there will probably be a model school, where examples of correct teaching will be set, and where teachers will be trained for the village schools in the district. This school will ordinarily be committed to your instruction, and this duty, with the superintendence of the common school education in the district, will form your department of labor and responsibility. You will be expected to institute schools wherever they can be properly sustained; to visit the schools as often as may be necessary; and especially to induce the children and youth, as far as possible, to attend them. Heretofore the greater part of the pupils have been adults. Happily, you will soon find, through the well-directed industry of the mission, a tolerable supply of books for the schools. Besides the New Testament and portions of the Old, which will of course be daily read in all the

schools, Woodbridge's Geography, the intellectual Arithmetic of Colburn and Bibleclass Text Book have been translated into the native language and printed, with elevocal mentary books in geometry and music. Besides these there is a book of Hymns, in the Hawaiian language, of 128 pages, for which the demand has been such, that no less than 52,000 copies have been printed during the twelve years past in different editions, for the use of the natives. There are also spelling-books, an almanac, tables of logarithms, tracts explanatory of the scriptures, and two newspapers, one of which, having the subscription at one dollar a year, has 3,000 native subscribers. And yet it is not sixteen years since the Hawaiian tongue was wholly unwritten, a mere chaos of barbarous sounds!

You are expected to act in concert with the ordained missionaries in your several districts. They are the pastors of the people; you the teachers of the schools. They and you will be mutual helpers of each other. The pastors will be your natural advisers; and while you are not made subordinate to them in the sense of being placed under their authority, you will readily perceive the expediency and propriety of conferring with them in all cases before taking steps of importance. Both you and they will of course be equally governed by the resolutions of the mission, by the decisions and instructions received from the Prudential Committee, and by the laws and regulations of the Board.

The Committee trust that none of you have misgivings as to the propriety of your going to the Sandwich Islands as teachers of schools, rather than as preachers of the gospel. Your profession is not indeed recognized in the history of the apostolical missions. In the first age of christian missions, all who went forth as missionaries, went as preachers of the gospel. The Committee can merely glance at the considerations by which your present course is fully justified.

After mentioning various circumstances which are believed to warrant, according to the spirit of the New Testament, the introduction of this class of laborers into the missionary work, in addition to regular preachers of the gospel, the instructions proceed

It results from these views, that preaching, education, and printing, are three permanent departments of labor in modern missions. They are so at the Sandwich Islands.

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