ADDENDA TO THE BIOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. ACHZIB, a city belonging to the tribe of Asher (Josh. xix. 29.), | who were unable to expel the old inhabitants from it. (Judg. i. 31.) It is now called Zib, and is situated on the sea-coast, to the north of Ptolemais. Another Achzib, in the territory of Judah, is mentioned in Josh. xiv. 44. and Micah i. 14. ADUMMIM, a rising ground at the entrance of the wilderness of Jericho is called the going up to Adummim, in Josh. xv. 7.: which name signifies red or bloody, probably from the sanguinary murders there committed. A town of this name belonged to the tribe of Benjamin. there are springs of naphtha. The country abounds in wheat, and in the more esteemed kinds of fruit, as also in wine, cotton, and manna. It was therefore with truth, that the Assyrian commander Rabshakeh called his native country a land, where there is corn and wine, bread, and vineyards, olive oil and honey. (2 Kings xviii. 32. Isa. xxxvi. 17.)" Which account is confirmed by Mr. Rich. (Residence in Kourdistan, vol. i. pp. 13% 142.) ATHENS, page 411. col. 1. after line 33. add :-Modern Athens suffered severely during the late war with the Turks. It is inANTIOCH Of Pisidia.-Page 406. col. 2. after "city," last line tended to be the metropolis of the new kingdom of Greece: and but 31. add :-Hitherto, on the authority of D'Anville and other the plan of the city has been so arranged, that many of the prinsubsequent geographers, this Antioch has been considered to oc- cipal remains of antiquity will be brought into view in one long cupy the site of the modern town of Aksher, (the ancient Philo- street, which is to pass through the centre, and finish at the anmelium) but the Rev. F. V. J. Arundell, by whom it was disco-cient entrance. The present small population is daily increasing. vered in November 1833, after it had been long lost to the traveller, has proved that it was at Yalobatz, a place several miles to the south of Aksher. The site and present state of this once celebrated city are minutely described by Mr. A. The remains of a splendid aqueduct, twenty-one arches of which are perfect, of massive walls, of a theatre, acropolis, and of a temple of Bacchus, together with the ruins of two if not more extensive Christian churches, attest the ancient magnificence of Antioch. (Discoveries, vol. i. pp. 267-312.) An extensive olive grove in the suburbs affords almost the only article of commerce connected with the place. (Hardy's Notices of the Holy Land, pp. 314-317.) AZOTUS, or ASHDOD, a city of Judæa, was anciently one of the five cities belonging to the princes of the Philistines. (Josh. xiii. 3. 1 Sam. vi. 17.) In the division of Palestine by Joshua it was allotted to the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 47.); but the possession of it, if not retained, was soon recovered by the Philistines, who three hundred years afterwards, having captured the ark of God, brought it to Ashdod, and deposited it in the temple of their idoldeity Dagon. (1 Sam. v. 1.) Subsequently Uzziah king of Judah, having successfully warred against the Philistines, broke down its walls. (2 Chron. xxvi. 6.) The city was captured by Tartan the Assyrian general, in the time of Hezekiah. (Isa. xx. 1.) After the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, the numerous alliances made by them with the women of Ashdod, introduced the worship of false gods into their families; so that the offspring of these marriages spake half in the language of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the that most upright and patriotic of religious governors, Nehemiah, contended with them, and made them swear that they would contract no more such idolatrous unions. (Neh. xiii. 23-26.) Ashdod was afterwards captured by Judas Maccabæus (1 Macc. v. 68.), by whose brother Jonathan it was reduced to ashes. (1 Macc. x. 84.) It was evidently a place of great strength and consequence, By the Greeks it was called AZOTUS. Here Philip the evange list was found, after he had baptized the Ethiopian eunuch at Gaza, which was about thirty miles distant. (Acts viii. 40.) At present Ashdod is an inconsiderable village called Esdud, which exhibits no vestiges of its former splendour. The road to this lies over an undulating surface, partially covered with grain and thistles: it stands on the summit of a grassy hill, with luxuriant pasture around it. (Robinson's Travels in Palestine, vol. i. p. 21.) ARARAT, page 408. col. 1. after line 18. read :—It is of stupendous height, and was inaccessible, to the summit, until Professor Parrot, of the University of Dorpat, on the 27th of September, O. S. 1829, after repeated failures, overcame every impediment. By trigonometrical measurement he ascertained that the larger and principal peak is 16,254 Paris feet above the level of the sea. He describes the summit as being a slightly convex, almost circular platform, about 200 Paris feet in diameter, which at the extremity declines pretty steeply on all sides. He subsequently ascended the little Ararat, which is above 13,100 feet above the level of the sea. The entire upper region of the moun-language of each people. For this crime against the law of God, tain is covered with perpetual snow and ice: and the magnitude of the great peak is annually increasing in consequence of the continual accession of ice. The eternal snows upon its summit occasionally form vast avalanches, which precipitate themselves down its sides, with a sound not unlike that of an earthquake. ASKELON, or ASHKELON, page 409. col. 1. after last line but 12. add:-Numerous ruins attest its ancient strength; its walls are broken down, and at present not a single inhabitant is to be found there, thus literally fulfilling the prophecies of Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Zechariah :-Ashkelon is cut off (Jer. xlvii. 5.), Ashkelon shall be a desolation (Zeph. ii. 4.), Ashkelon shall not be inhabited. (Zech. ix. 5.) ASSYRIA, page 409. col. 2. after "Persia," line 12. add :-Rosenmüller (Bib. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 120.) states that it "nearly corresponded with the modern Kourdistan or land of the Kourds" (a hardy and predatory nomadic tribe), "with the pachalik of Mosul, which contains about sixteen hundred German miles, and was thus about the size of the United Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. The northern part was very mountainous, but towards the south it is generally level, like the neighbouring country of Babylonia. The culture of the soil is promoted by the number of rivers which traverse the country, and by the pleasant alternation of hill and dale which diversify its surface; while the navigable Tigris" (the Hiddekel of the Hebrews) "presents great facilities for commerce. In different parts of the southern division VOL. II.--3 M BAAL-GAD, a city which was situated in the valley of Lebanon, under Mount Hermon (Josh. xi. 17. xii. 7.): it was one of the places which remained unconquered by the Israelites at the death of Joshua. (Josh. xiii. 5.) By the Greeks and Romans it was afterwards called Heliopolis, and by the modern natives it is called Baalbec, both which names mean the City of the Sun. It is supposed to have been the place called BAAL-HAMON in Sol. Song viii. 11., and also BAALATH in 2 Kings ix. 18. The inhabitants of the country believe that Baal-Gad or Baalbec was erected by Solomon. It stands at the foot of Anti-Libanus, just where the mountain terminates in a plain, and it presents to the traveller a 457 2. The rock Etam, to which Samson retired after he had burned the harvest of the Philistines. (Judg. xv. 8.) magnificent spectacle of ruins, among which those of the Temple | salem, to which Solomon used to resort. (Ant. Jud. lib. viii. c. 7.) of the Sun are most conspicuous. The splendid work of Messrs. It is highly probable that this was the site of one of King Solo Wood and Dawkins, published at London in 1753, and reprinted mon's houses of pleasure, where he made him gardens ana in 1827, will convey some idea of the magnificence of these re- orchards, and pools of water. (Eccles. ii. 5, 6.) In the vicinity mains of ancient art; of which some accurate views will be found of this place was in the " Landscape Illustrations of the Bible," edited by the author of this work. The population of Baalbec, which in 1751 was five thousand, in 1835 was reduced to two hundred persons. The modern town consists of a number of mean huts, and a few half-ruined mosques. A description of the ruins of this place, as they appeared in the autumn of 1835, is given by Mr. Addison, in his Damascus and Palmyra, vol. ii. pp. 51-72.; and by Lord Lindsay, as they appeared in the summer of 1837, in his Letters from Egypt, &c., vol. ii. pp. 191-204. GADARA, page 423. col. 2. after last line but 13. add:-The ruins of the ancient city are very considerable. "Besides the foundations of a whole line of houses, there are two theatres on the north and west sides of the town, the former quite destroyed, but the latter in very tolerable preservation, and very handsome. Near it the ancient pavement, with wheel-tracks of carriages, is still visible. Broken columns and capitals lie in every direction." (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Edom, &c., vol ii. p. 97.) GATH-HEPHER, the birth-place of the prophet Jonah (2 Kings xiv. 25.), was a town in the allotment of the tribe of Zebulon. (Josh. xix. 13.) It was probably situated in the land of Hepher, mentioned in 1 Kings iv. 10. GEBAL. 1. Gebal, Mount, see p. 30. BABEL, the name of a lofty tower, which the descendants of Noah began to build about one hundred and twenty years after the deluge it was so called (Babel signifying confusion), because God there confounded the language of those who were employed in the undertaking. (Gen. x. 10. xi. 9.) Their object was to build a city and a tower, in order to prevent their further dispersion over the earth. But, as this was contrary to the divine purpose of replenishing the earth with inhabitants, God caused them to be scattered: the tower was left apparently incomplete: 2. Gebal, a Phoenician city between Tripoli and Beyroot, situbut the foundations of the city were probably laid, and a portionated on a hill, and inhabited by mariners and builders. Its caulker of the builders continued to dwell there. are specially mentioned in Ezek. xxvii. 9., where its chiefs are terme wise men. The Arabs still call it Djeble and Djobail. 3. Gebal (the Gebalene of the Romans), was a mountainous district, inhabited by the Edomites, and extending from the Dead Sea southwards to Selah or Petra. It is mentioned in Psal. lxxxiii. 8. By the Arabs it is called Djebâl. BEROTHAI, a town in the territory of Hadadezer, king of Syria, which was conquered by David, and from which he took away much brass. (2 Sam. viii. 8.) Hence it has been inferred that there were mines in its vicinity. It is impossible now accurately to determine its situation. "The similarity of the name would lead us to conjecture that Berothai or Berothah was not different from Berytus, the modern Beirut (Beyroot), a seaport town which is still of importance." (Rosenmüller's Bibl. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 266.) BETHSAIDA, page 414. col. 2. after line 10. of this article, add:-2. The other Bethsaida lay in the region of Gaulonitis, on the eastern side of the sea of Tiberias, and near the place where the river Jordan enters it. This city was enlarged by Philip, who was Tetrarch of that region (Luke iii. 1.), and who called it Julias, in honour of Julia the daughter of the emperor Augustus, though it is not known by that name in the New Testament. This Bethsaida is mentioned in Luke ix. 10., where Jesus is said to have withdrawn himself to a desert place belonging to Bethsaida, after the murder of John the Baptist by Herod; and whence also he is said to have returned across the lake to Capernaum, after he had miraculously fed five thousand men with five loaves and two small fishes. (Matt. xiv. 22-34. John vi. 17.) BOZRAH, a celebrated city of Edom or Idumæa, which was afterwards called Bostra by the Greeks and Romans. It is now "for the most part a heap of ruins, a most dreary spectacle. Here and there the direction of a street or alley is discernible, but that is all the modern inhabitants, a mere handful, are almost lost in the maze of ruins." (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c. vol. ii. p. 151.) In pp. 135-150. his lordship has given a very interesting description of the remains of this once celebrated city, together with a sketch of its ancient history. CENCHREA, page 416. col. 1. After Acts xviii. 18., line 3. of this article, add:-In 1834, the site of ancient Cenchrea was occupied by a single farm-house: close to the sea; and in parts even covered by its waters are the foundations of a variety of buildings, the plans of which may yet be traced, as the walls still remain to the height of from two feet to three feet and a half. (Major Sir G. Temple's Travels in Greece and Turkey, vol. i. p. 57.) EKRON, page 420. col. 2. After (2 Kings i. 2.), line 8. of this article, add:-The site of this city is not known, thus attesting the literal fulfilment of the prophet Zephaniah (ii. 4.), that Ekron shall be ROOTED UP. : EPHESUS, page 422. col. 1. last line but 6. add:-The soil of the plain, on which the ruins of Ephesus lie, appears rich in the summer of 1835, when visited by Mr. Addison, it was covered with a rank burnt-up vegetation. This place (he states,) is a dreary uncultivated spot: a few corn-fields were scattered along the site of the ancient city, which is marked by some large masses of shapeless ruins and stone walls. (Addison's Damascus and Palmyra, vol. i. pp. 340, 341.) ETAM. GESHUR, a district of Syria, bordering north of the Hebrew territory (2 Sam. xv. 8. 1 Chron. ii. 23.), and situated on the eastern side of the river Jordan, between Mount Hermon, Maachah, and Bashan. (Deut. iii. 13, 14. Josh. xii. 3, 4.) The Ge shurites and Maachathites were not expelled by the Israelites under Joshua. (Josh. xiii. 2. 13.) In the reign of David, Geshur had its own king Talmai, whose daughter Maachah was the mother of the rebel Absalom. (2 Sam. iii. 3. xiii. 37. xv. 8.) The Geshur signifies a bridge, and corresponds to the Arabic Djisr: and in the same region, where (according to the above data,) we must place Geshur, there still exists an ancient stone bridge of four arches over the river Jordan, called Djisr-Beni-Jakub, or the Bridge of the Children of Jacob. GETHSEMANE, page 425. col. 2. line 12. add:-Although we are informed by Josephus that Titus cut down all the trees within one hundred furlongs of the city, yet it is not improbable that these trees, which are unquestionably of remote antiquity, may have arisen from the roots of the ancient trees; because the olive is very long-lived, and possesses the peculiar property of shooting up again, however frequently it may be cut down. The trees now standing in the garden of Gethsemane are of the species known to botanists as the Olea Europea. Mrs. Bracebridge, from whose sketch the beautiful drawing was made, which is given in the "Landscape Illustrations of the Bible," states that they are wild olives, and appear pollarded from extreme age; and their stems are very rough and gnarled. "The soil between these trees is bare, without a flower, vegetable, or verdure of any kind growing on it. A footpath intersects the place in an oblique direction, which is walled off from the rest, and is looked upon as accursed; being that (as it is said,) in which Judas walked when he betrayed his divine Master with a kiss." The view from the garden of Gethsemane is one of the most pleasing in the vicinity of Jerusalem. (Robinson's Travels in Palestine, vol. i. p. 122. Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c.. vol. ii. p. 61.) HALAH, a province of Assyria, into which Shalmaneser transported part of the ten tribes. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11.) HARAN, page 427. col. 1. after line 42. add:-Haran is enumerated among the towns which had been taken by the predecessors of Sennacherib king of Assyria (1 Kings xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 12.); and it is also mentioned by Ezekiel (xxvii. 23.), among the places which traded with Tyre. Haran was favourably situated for commerce, inasmuch as the great road, which led from the Euphrates to the countries of the east, branched off in twe directions eastward to Nisibis and Assyria, and southward int3 Babylonia. (Rosenmüller's Bib. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 187.) HELBON, a city of Syria, celebrated for its wines, which formed an important article of commerce. (Ezek. xxviii. 18.) in the 1. A city in the tribe of Judah between Bethlehem and Tekoah, apocryphal second book of Maccabees (xiii. 4.), it is mentioned which was rebuilt and fortified by Rehoboam. (2 Chron. xi. 6.) under the name of Berea, which had been given to it by Seleucus Josephus says, that there are very pleasant gardens, abounding Nicatur, who greatly embellished this city. It is the same as the with water, at Etham, about fifty furlongs or six miles from Jeru-present Haleb, or, as it is termed by Europeans, Aleppo. In 1822 it was almost annihilated by the tremendous earthquake which devastated Syria. HENA, a city of Mesopotamia, the same probably which was afterwards called Arah: it was situated on a ford of the river Euphrates. (2 Kings xviii. 34. xix. 13. Isa. xxxvii. 13.) MESHECH, the sixth son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), who is supposed to have been the father of the Moschi, a people inhabiting the mountainous region between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. Non, Land of:-"When Cain after the murder of his brother, went forth from the presence of Jehovah, he settled in the land of Nod, which lay to the east of Eden. (Gen. iv. 16.) The word Nod signifies, in Hebrew, wandering, flight, banishment: and the region doubtless obtained that name from the circumstance of the fratricide having been condemned by God (Gen. iv. 14.) to wander as an exile." (Rosenmüller's Biblical Geography, vol. i. p. 85.) It is now impossible to ascertain its precise situation. PHYGELLUS, a Christian of Asia, who being at Rome during Paul's second imprisonment, A. D. 65, basely deserted him, with Hermogenes, in his necessity. (2 Tim. i. 15.) RAAMSES, OF RAMESES, a city erected by the Hebrews during their bondage in Egypt. (Gen. xlvii. 11. Exod. i. 11.) It was situated in the Land of Goshen, and appears to have been the capital of that country. Most probably it was the same with Heroopolis, which stood on the great canal between the Nile and Suez. RABBATH, page 445. col. 2. line 6. add:-Various ruins, lying on both sides of a stream, attest its ancient splendour. "The dreariness of its present aspect" (says Lord Lindsay) "is quite indescribable. It looks like the abode of death: the valley stinks with dead camels; one of them was rotting in the stream; and though we saw none among the ruins, they were absolutely covered in every direction with their dung. That morning's ride would have convinced a sceptic how runs the prophecy. I will make Rabbah a stable for camels, and the Ammonites a couching-place for flocks. (Ezek. xxv. 5.) Nothing but the croaking of frogs and the screams of wild birds broke the silence as we advanced up this valley of desolation." (Letters from Egypt, &c., vol. ii. p. 112.) In pp. 113-117. Lord Lindsay has graphically described the ruins of Rabbath-Ammon, which is now deserted except by the Bedouins, who water their flocks at its little river. RIPHATH, the second son of Gomer, and grandson of Japhet (Gen. x. 3. 1 Chron. i. 6.) The region peopled by his descendants is supposed to be the mountainous range extending from the west of Europe to that part of Asia which is situated on the east of the Black Sea. "But" (Rosenmüller is of opinion) "it is impossible to fix with precision upon any one chain of hills, or tribe of people, with which the Riphath of Scripture may certainly be identified." (Bibl. Geogr. by Morren, vol. i. p. 113.) ROSH (Ezek. xxxviii. 2, 3. xxxix. 1.), the proper name of a northern nation, mentioned together with Tubal and Meshech; by whom (Gesenius says) are doubtless to be understood the Russians; who are described by the Byzantine writers of the tenth century, under the name of 'Ps, as inhabiting the northern part of Taurus; and also by Ibn Fosslan, an Arabian writer of the same period, under the name Rûs, as dwelling upon the river Rha, that is, the Wolga. SHEBA, probably the Saba of the Greek geographer Strabo, was a region situated towards the southern part of Arabia, at a distance from the coast of the Red Sea. The queen of Sheba who visited Solomon (1 Kings x. 2. 2 Chron. ix.), appears to have been the sovereign of this region. The tradition of her visit has maintained itself among the Arabs, who call her Balkis, and affirm that she became the wife of Solomon. In Matt. xii. 42. she is said to have come from the uttermost parts of the earth, to indicate (according to the Jewish idiom) that Sheba was a remote country from Judæa. SICHEM, SYCHAR, or SHECHEм, a city in the allotment of the tribe of Benjamin, near which Jacob bought a field which he gave to Joseph, who was buried there. (Gen. xlviii. 22. Josh. xvii. 7. xxiv. 32. Acts vii. 16.) In its vicinity was Jacob's well or fountain, at which Jesus Christ conversed with a woman of Samaria. (John iv. 5.) After the ruin of Samaria by Shalma..eser, Shechem became the capital of the Samaritans, a remnant of whose sect, now reduced to a very small number, still reside there. It is about forty miles north of Jerusalem. Shechem stands in a delightful situation at the foot and on the lowest slope of Mount Gerizim, and is "embowered in groves of the richest verdurefigs, mulberries, olives; one solitary palm tree towering over them; and hedges of the prickly pear, with its fantastic boughs and yellow blossoms, guarding every plantation." (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c. [in 1837], vol. ii. p. 74.) This place is now called Napolose or Nablous (a corruption of its Greek name Neapolis). SMYRNA, page 451. col. 1. last line but 7. add:-The condition of the Christians residing here is said to be better than in any of the sites of the seven churches mentioned in the Apocalypse; as if the promise was still in some measure made good to Smyrna. Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. (Rev. ii. 10.) TADMOR, page 453. col. 1. line 21. add:-Mr. Addison has described the ruins of Palmyra, as they appeared in 1835, in his "Damascus and Palmyra," vol. ii. pp. 284-326.; and Lord Lindsay, as they appeared in 1837, in his "Letters from Egypt," &c., vol. ii. pp. 168-178. But the reader who would see these superb remains of ancient art accurately delineated and described, is referred to Messrs. Wood and Dawkins's "Ruins of Palmyra," which were first published at London in 1753, in one volume folio. The modern village of Tadmor, or (as the Arabs call it) Thadmor, contains 12 or 15 families, among whom there are not more than 20 able-bodied men: their chief wealth consists of a few herds of goats and dromedaries, with poultry. (Addison, vol. ii. p. 333.) TEL-ABIB, a place to which some of the Israelites were carried captive. (Ezek. iii. 15.) Gesenius and Rosenmüller think it not improbably to be the place now called Thelabba, in Mesopo tamia, on the river Chebar. THELASAR, OF TELASAR, a province of Assyria, mentioned in 2 Kings xix. 12. and Isa. xxxvii. 12. Its precise situation has not been ascertained: but it is supposed to be towards Armenia and Mesopotamia, and about the sources of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, from the circumstance of the children of Eden inhabiting that country. TIBERIAS, page 454. col. 1. line 19. add:-This town was left in ruins by the earthquake which devastated Syria, on Jan. 1. 1837: its walls were cast down to the ground, its towers split asunder, and their galleries laid open. (Lord Lindsay's Letters from Egypt, &c. [in 1837], vol. ii. p. 88.) TIPSAH, an important city on the western bank of the river Euphrates, which was the frontier town of the north-eastern extremity of Solomon's dominions: it is a day's journey to the east of Tadmor or Palmyra. Here was a celebrated passage or ferry over the Euphrates. (1 Kings iv. 24.) By the ancients it was called Thapsacus: its modern name is El Deir. TOGARMAH, the name of a northern region and people sprung from Gomer the son of Japhet. (Gen. x. 3.) This country abounded in horses, which were sold to the Tyrians. (Ezek. xxvii. 14.) Most probably it was Armenia, part of which country was celebrated for its horses. Such also is the opinion of the modern Armenians themselves, who claim Torgom the son of Gomer as the founder of their nation, and call themselves the House of Torgom. TUBAL, or THUBAL, the fifth son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), whose descendants are supposed to have peopled a region of Asia Minor, near the Euxine Sea, on the west of Meshech. Compare Rosen müller's Biblical Geography, vol. i. pp. 130, 131. ZOBAH, OF ARAM-ZOBAH, was the name of a city and petty kingdom of Syria, whose sovereign carried on war with Saul and David. (1 Sam. xiv. 47. 2 Sam. viii. 3. x. 6.) It seems to have been situated near Damascus, and not only to have included the city Hamath (2 Chron. viii. 3.), but also to have extended towards the Euphrates. (2 Sam. viii. 3.) ABOMINATIONS. [Designed to facilitate the perusal of the Prophetic Books, analysed in this Volume.]1 1. Sin in general.-Isa. lxvi. 3. Their soul delighteth in abominations. Ezek. xvi. 50. They... committed abomination before me. See also ver. 51. ARM. 2 An Idol.-Isa. xliv. 19. Shall I make the residue thereof an abomi-2. nation? See also 2 Kings xxiii. 13. 3. The rites and ceremonies of the idolatrous and corrupt church of Rome. Rev. xvii. 4. Having a golden cup in her hand, full of 1. Devoted to destruction. Josh. vi. 17. 2. Accursed from Christ. Excluded from intercourse, fellowship, and alliance with Christ.-Rom. ix. 3. ADULTER ESS, Or Harlot.-An apostate church or city; particularly the daughter of Jerusalem or the Jewish church and people.-Isa. i. 21. How is the faithful city become a harlot? See Jer. iii. 6. 8, 9. Ezek. x vi. 22. xxiii. 7. In Rev. xvii. 5. Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots, means the idolatrous Latin church. ADULTER OUS Generation (Matt. xii. 39. xvi. 4. Mark viii. 38.); a faithless and impious generation. ADULTER Y.-Idolatry and apostacy from the worship of the true God. Jer. iii. 8, 9. When backsliding Israel committed adultery. with stones and with stocks. See also Ezek. xvi. 32. xxiii. 37. Rev. ii. 22. 46 1. The infinite power of God in creating the world.-Jer. xxvii. 5. have made the earth... by my great power, and by my outstretchea arm. See also Jer. xxxií. 17. 3. AIR, Wind, Breath.-The Holy Spirit.-John iii. 8. The wind bloweth AMEN. The power, strength, and miracles of Christ.-Isa. liii. 1. John xii 38. To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? When Jehovah is said to make bare his holy arm, it means that he hath displayed his great power, which for a long time seemed to be hidden and unemployed.-Isa. lii. 10. The Lord hath made bare his holy arm. ARMOUR.-Such graces and spiritual weapons, as are for the defence of the soul, and by which we may be enabled to combat with our spiritual enemies.-Rom. xiii. 12. Let us put on the armour of light.-Eph. vi. 11. Put on the whole armour of God. ARROWS. 1. Calamities, or judgments of God.-Job vi. 4. The arrows of the Almighty are within me, the poison whereof drinketh up my spirit.— 2 Sam. xxii. 14, 15. compare Psal. xxxviii. 2, 3. and Ezek. v. 16. That calamities are represented among the eastern writers as the arrows of the Almighty, we have abundant proofs: one single instance, from the fine sayings ascribed to Ali (or Aaly) the son-inlaw of the impostor of Arabia, will illustrate this remark. “It was once demanded of the fourth Khalif (Ali), on whom be the mercy of the Creator, if the canopy of heaven were a bow; and if the earth were the cord thereof; and if calamities were arrows: if mankind were the mark for those arrows; and if Almighty God, the tremendous and the glorious, were the unerring archer, to whom could the sons of Adam flee for protection? The Khalif answered saying, The sons of Adam must flee unto the Lord.' This fine image Job keeps in view, (vi. 8, 9.) wishing that the unerring marksman may let fly these arrows, let loose his hand, to destroy and cut him off." Dr. A. Clarke on Job vi. 4. 3. Abusive or slanderous words.-Psal. lxiv. 3. Who bend their bows to shoot their arrows, even bitter words. Children.-Psal. cxxvii. 4, 5. As arrows are in the hand of a mighty man; so are children of the youth. Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them. "The orientals are accustomed to call brave and valiant sons the arrows and darts of their parents, because they are able to defend them. To sharpen arrows, to make sharp arrows is, among them, to get brave and valiant sons.' [Burder's Oriental Literature, vol. ii. p. 53.] 1. Truth and faithfulness; a title of Christ.-Rev. iii. 14. Thus saith ASHES. See DUST and ASHES. the Amen; Truth, i.e. He who is true says, &c. 2. So be it: a form of wishing, approving, or praying at the end of a sentence. Rom. i. 25. Gal. i. 5. Eph. iii. 21. Phil. iv. 20. 1 Tim. i. 17. It was customary among the Jews, when the priests or other persons offered up prayers or praises to God in public, for the whole assembly to respond Amen. Numb. v. 22. This custom was adopted by Christians; and in allusion to it Amen occurs in 1 Cor. xiv. 16. ANGELS. 1. Angel of the LORD.-Jesus Christ.-Zech. i. 12. The angel of the LORD answered and said.... See Lowth's Commentary, in loc. 2. Those intellectual and immaterial Beings, whom the Almighty employs, as the ministers of his providence or of his judgments. Rev. xv. 8. xvi. 1. Seven Angels.-xxii. 8. I fell down to worship before the feet of the angel, who showed me these things. 3. The presiding ministers or bishops of the church.-Rev. ii. 1. The angel of the church of Ephesus. See also ii. 8. 12. 18. iii. 1. 7. 14. 4 Fallen Spirits.-Matt. xxv. 41. Everlasting fire prepared for the Devil and his Angels. Besides the authorities cited for particular words, this Index of the Prophetic or Symbolical Language of the Scriptures has been drawn up, after a careful perusal of the remarks on this subject by Sir Isaac New ton, Bishops Lowth and Hurd, the Commentary of William Lowth on the Prophets, the Rev. William Jones's Key to the Language of Prophecy, Dr. Lancaster's admirable Symbolical Alphabetical Dictionary prefixed to his Abridgment of Daubuz's Perpetual Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, Robinson's Greek Lexicon to the New Testament, and Dr Woodhouse's Notes to his Translation of the Apocalypse. Those symbols, and interpretations of symbols, which have been the subject of contro Tsy among some late writers on prophecy, are designedly omitted. BABES. 1. Foolish and inexperienced princes.-Isa. iii. 4. I will give children to be their princes, and babes (or infants) shall rule over them. This minatory prediction was fully accomplished in the succession of weak and wicked princes who reigned over the kingdom of Judah from the death of Josiah to the destruction of the city and temple, and the taking of Zedekiah, the last of them, captive by Nebuchad nezzar. 2. Those who are weak in the Christian faith and knowledge, being ignorant and inconstant, like infants.-1 Cor. iii. 1. And 1, brethren, could not speak unto you... but as... unto babes in Christ.Heb. v. 13. For he is a babe. BABYLON-Papal Rome with all her idolatrous rites.-Rev. xiv. 8. Babylon is fallen. See also Rev. xvii. xviii. BALAAM, Doctrine, error, or way of.-A defection from true religion united with immoral and lascivious practices.-Rev. ii. 14. Thou hast them that hold the doctrine of Balaam.-Jude 11. They have .... run greedily after the error of Balaam.-2 Pet. ii. 15. Following the way of Balaam. BALANCE. 1. The known symbol of a strict observation of justice and fair deal ing. Prov. xi. 1. A false balance is abomination unto the Lord.Prov. xvi. 11. A just weight and balance are the Lord's. See also Job xxxi. 6. |