Reformation in general, and, in particular, the Reformation in England under Henry VIII, with its confusion of religious and secular motives. Incidentally, this involves the personal history of Henry VIII, and, in particular, his quarrel with the Pope over the question of his divorce from Katharine of Aragon and his marriage to Anne Boleyn. In other words, the history of the single word bedlam cannot be completely understood without some knowledge of the history of Europe and Asia for more than fifteen hundred years. It would be hard to find a more striking instance of the absurdity of regarding the study of words as a narrow and trivial diversion of pedants. Words are the signs of thoughts and thoughts make history.

APPENDIX

P. 6. We have said that the origin of language is undiscoverable. If, however, philologists ever do solve the great problem, we may conjecture that natural cries (natural in the same sense in which kicking and working the fingers are natural), common alike to men and the higher animals, each after its kind, will be found to be the material, and that the alternate building-up and breaking-down of words (the eternal systole and diastole of speech) will be found to be the means, of the growth which has produced as well the root-system of the IndoEuropean (with its puzzling determinatives), as the Semitic triliteralism, the elements of aggregative languages, and the extreme complexity of Chinese monosyllables. Such a theory would probably be nicknamed the 'goo-goo theory.' All that is requisite for the beginning of language proper is that any one sound should come to be purposely uttered, however vaguely, and actually understood, and we have the promise and potentiality of the most cultivated human speech. The initial understanding, indeed, may perhaps come from the listener and be reflected back to the person who utters the sound. When the first step has been taken, the processes which we see going on around us every day will do the rest. The 'googoo theory' includes all that can be true in the 'ding-dong theory'; for it is only in such natural cries, produced by the mere purposeless activity of the vocal organs, that it can justly be said that 'everything that is struck, rings.' It covers the ground of the bow-wow theory,' since it admits the possibility of imitation, holding, indeed, that the natural cries referred to are the only sounds in language that are not imitative. It also

includes the pooh-pooh theory,' since the cries in question are the only interjections that are actually spontaneous and do not like pooh! and bah! require to be learned, like other words. The 'goo-goo theory' meets alike the views of a Sayce, who finds in language a progress of decay, and a Brugmann, who finds in it a progress of growth.

A readable account of various theories of the origin of language may be found in A. H. Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language (2 vols., Lond., 1880), Chap. I. See also Max Müller, Lectures on the Science of Language (2 vols., Lond., 1861-4; revised edition, N.Y., 1891); Whitney, Language and the Study of Language (5th ed., N.Y. [1875]); Whitney, The Science of Language, in his Oriental and Linguistic Studies (N.Y., 1873); Whitney, Max Müller and the Science of Language (N. Y., 1892). On language in general see H. Paul, Principien der Sprachgeschichte (3d ed., Halle, 1898), translated from the 2d edition by H. A. Strong, Principles of the History of Language (N.Y., 1889); Strong, Logeman, and Wheeler, Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (Lond., 1891).

Pp. 34 ff. A useful handbook of philosophical terms is R. Eisler's Wörterbuch der Philosophischen Begriffe und Ausdrücke, quellenmässig bearbeitet (Berlin, 1899).

P. 48. For biblical words see J. Eastwood and W. Aldis Wright, The Bible Word-Book (Lond., 1866).

P. 54. On women's languages see Crawley, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, XXIV, 233–5.

Pp. 55 ff. Among collections of English slang may be mentioned John Camden Hotten's Slang Dictionary (new ed., Lond. [1874]); Barrère and Leland's Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant (2 vols., 1889-90); Farmer and Henley's Slang and its Analogues (4 vols., A-MYZ, Lond., 1890–6); H. Baumann's Londonismen, Slang und Cant (Berlin, 1887). The ordinary large dictionaries also contain a considerable number of slang words.

P. 80. On the development of the literary language see Lounsbury, History of the English Language (revised ed., N.Y., 1894); O. F. Emerson, History of the English Language (N.Y., 1894); Skeat, Principles of English Etymology, First Series (Oxford, 1887); Kluge, Geschischte der englischen Sprache, in Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, Vol. I.

On dialects see the publications of the English Dialect Society, and the great English Dialect Dictionary, edited by Joseph Wright. Cf. Sheldon, 'What is a Dialect?' in Dialect Notes, published by the American Dialect Society, I, 286 ff. The modern English dialects have been classified by A. J. Ellis in Part V of his Early English Pronunciation (Lond., 1889). A minute study of a single dialect is Joseph Wright's Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill in the West Riding of Yorkshire (Lond., 1892). For Scottish see Murray, Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland (Lond., 1873); Jamieson, Dictionary of the Scottish Language (5 vols., Paisley, 1879-87).

P. 81. There is no satisfactory treatment of American English.' Material may be found in Bartlett, Dictionary of Americanisms (N.Y., 1848; 4th ed., Boston, 1877); Schele de Vere, Americanisms, the English of the New World (2d ed., N.Y., 1872); J. S. Farmer, Americanisms Old and New (Lond., 1889); the publications of the American Dialect Society and the Modern Language Association of America. For bibliography, see Dialect Notes (published by the American Dialect Society), Vol. I. On the history of American pronunciation, see especially Grandgent, From Franklin to Lowell, a Century of New England Pronunciation, in the Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, XIV, 207 ff. On Australian English, see E. E. Morris, Austral English: a Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases, and Usages (Lond., 1898), and J. Lake, Dictionary of Australasian Words and Phrases (in the Australasian Supplement to Webster's International Dictionary). On Anglo-Indian, see Colonel Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: be