238 n., 297, 304, 306, 362 ff.; ironical,
Central French, its relations to 221 f. See Slang; Fashion; Hyperbole.
English, 86 f.
Charles II, 68.
Charms and incantations, 228 f.
Chaucer, 22, 27, 65, 94, 96, 118, 150,
189, 196, 206, 214, 253, 267, 288, 292 n.,
297, 313 n., 327, 342, 348, 349, 364 n.,
368, 369 n., 370, 373, 377; his relations
to English, 88 ff.; character of his cen-
tury, 88 ff.; his career, 90; his dialect
88 ff., 92 n., 203; his inflections, 182 f.,
198, 202.
Chaucerisms in the Elizabethans,
Chemistry, 108, 350; Arabic in, 108.
Child, F. J., 119 n.
185 ff.; origin and history of, 185 ff.;
Children's language, 29, 44, 61, 63, 243. 185 ff., 294; endings, derivation of,
Chinese, 109.
Choice of words, 27, 52, 76 ff., 328; living suffixes, 186; prefixes, 187; ad-
neologisms, 78.
Christianity, 71, 244, 349 ff., 388 f.;
conversion of the Germans, 156 ff.; of
the Anglo-Saxons, 43, 349. See Bible;
Religious.
verbial prefixes in verbs, 188; vague
syntax of composition, 126, 172 ff. See
Phrase-composition.
Compound words, 177 ff.; disguised,
152, 210; hybrid, 154; obsolete words
Church. See Arians; Christianity; in, 210 ff.; obscured compounds felt
Religious.
Cicero, 36 f., 39, 232.
Civilization and language, 41, 93 ff.,
108 f., 128 ff., 144 ff., 147 ff., 156 ff.,
183 f., 230 ff., 242, 246, 286, 287, 290 f.,
295 f., 300 ff., 304, 317 ff., 348 ff., 357 ff.,
360 ff., 372 ff., 387 ff.; and inflection,
183 f.
Class dialects (Chap. V), 42 ff., 53 f.
Clerical language. See Religious.
Clipped words in slang and in legiti-
mate speech, 61 ff., 385; phrases, 70 ff.,
252 ff.
Clothing, 44, 152, 153, 190, 304 f., 338,
Cnut, 144.
Coaching, 271.
Cock-fighting, 57.
Cognates and borrowed words (Chap.
XII), 159 ff., 345.
Coinage, 49, 89, 140 f.
Coleridge, 320.
Colloquial language, 25 n., 28, 62 ff.,
74, 99, 102, 111 f., 149, 189, 202, 225,
as simple words, 210 f.; variety of
meaning, 274; Elizabethan, 274.
Congregationalism in New England,
Disguised oaths, 34 n., 304.
Criticism, literary, 14 ff., 40 f., 76.
See Choice of words; Literature.
Cross influences, 194, 360.
Danes in England, 107, 144 f.
Darmesteter, A., 260 n., 265 n.
Dartmoor, stannary and forestry
Diversity of the English vocabulary,
128 ff.
Divinity. See Religious.
Docked words. See Clipped forms.
Dog-Latin, 51.
Double comparison, 17.
Double negative, 220, 312.
Doublets and homonyms (Chap.
XXIV), 345 ff., 44.
Dutch, 81, 83, 109, 149, 153 ff., 160,
163, 227, 348, 350, 360, 370, 383; in
Dative, singular, 195, 201; plural, South Africa, 112, 347.
195; as adverb, 195.
Death, euphemisms for, 300, 302.
Decay of inflections, 85, 181 ff., 195,
201, 205.
Declension, Anglo-Saxon, 195 ff., 201,
343 f.
Degeneration of meaning (Chap.
XX), 284 ff.; due to euphemism, 307 f.
See Hyperbole.
Degree, words of, 312 ff.
Democracy in language, 322 ff.
Demons, 152.
Dwelling places, 142 ff., 319 f.
Eastern question, 89.
East Germanic tribes, 156.
Ecclesiastical words in Anglo-Saxon,
42 ff., 93. See Religious.
Edward III, 89.
Electrical terms, 384.
Electricity, 293 f.
Elizabeth, Queen, 100.
Elizabethan style and language,
116 ff. See Euphemism; Shakspere;
Derivation and composition (Chap. Spenser.
XIV), 185 ff.
Derivative endings, 174 ff., 185 ff.,
201 f. See Composition; Inflection;
Comparison; Diminutives.
Development of words, I. Roots,
stems, and inflections (Chap. XIII),
168 ff.; II. derivation and composition
(Chap. XIV), 185 ff.
Dialect, distinguished from literary
language, 80 f.; of Chaucer, 88 ff., 203;
of modern English, 92, 203; dialectic
variations in English, 354; dialect and
provincial words, 13 n., 61 n., 128, 132,
139 n., 149, 188 n., 203, 364; in slang, 58.
See Americanisms; Australian.
Dickens, 375, 382.
Digest, the Roman, 222.
Dignity of words, 354.
tions.
Ellipsis, in thought or expression,
Emerson, O. F., 114 n.
Empedocles, his four elements, 36.
Endings, derivative. See Deriva-
English, Old. See Anglo-Saxon.
English language, history of, 80 ff.;
its place in the Indo-European family,
163. See Language.
English vocabulary, extent and va-
riety of, 7 ff., 108 f., 128 ff.; learned
and popular words in, 19 ff.; technical,
42 ff.; place of slang and colloquialism
in, 55 ff.; sources of, 80 ff., 93 ff., 128 ff.,
147 ff.; fashion, 110 ff.; unity of,
147 ff.; fossils in, 193 ff.; euphemism,
See Associa- 300 ff.; hyperbole, 309 ff.; doublets,
345 ff.; homonyms, 357 ff.; words
from names of animals, 361 ff.; from
proper names, 372 ff. See Words;
Meaning.
Diminutives, 136 n., 137; as names
of familiar objects or tools, 60 f., 386 f.
Ding-dong theory. See Origin of
language.
Epithets, transference of, 275 ff.; in-
discriminate, 314 f.
Etymology, false, its effect on words,
Figurative language, 9 ff.; negative,
Stoic etymological doctrines, 311 f.
229 f. See Folk-etymology.
Euphemism (Chap. XXI), 300 ff.;
decency and propriety, 300 f.; origins
of decency in language, 300; found
among savages, 301; avoidance of
ill-omened words, 301 ff.; death and
disaster, 302 f.; profane language,
304; courteous euphemisms, 305;
scientific terms used euphemistically,
306; degeneration of words from
euphemism, 307 f.; litotes, 17.
Euphuism, 117; animal similes, 361,
Evocation, formula of, 229.
Exaggeration. See Hyperbole.
Execution of criminals, 293.
Existence, verbs of, 237 ff.
Fables and beast-tales, 362, 370.
Fading of meaning, 235 ff.; because
of hyperbole, 309 ff.
Figures of speech, 14 ff.
Finance, 89, 139.
Fire-arms, 244.
Fishery, language of, 42.
Flemish, 81.
Fletcher, J. B., 118 n.
Folk-etymology
(Chap. XXIII),
330 ff.; 69, 150, 207, 246 n., 254 n.,
346, 347, 365.
Foreign words, attempts to expel
them from the vocabulary, 26 f. See
Cognates; Native words; Borrowing.
Forestry, terms, 339; courts, 379.
Fossils (Chap. XV), 193 ff.
Fourteenth century, character of,
88 ff.
Frankish, Old, 81, 163.
Frankish kings, 152.
French, Germanic element in, 130,
151, 296; French words in music, 52;
French and Latin, their relation to
each other and to English, 94 ff.;
Sprachgefühl, 126.
Family names, 361; from obsolete French; Central
nouns, 209 ff.
Fruits. See Plants, names of.
Gallic Latin, 96 f.
Gambling terms, 57.
Garter, Order of the, 34.
Gems, names of, 136 f.; properties
Farming, language of, 42, 284 f.
Fashion, in language (Chap. IX),
110 ff.; in literature and common
talk, 110 f.; literary allusion and
quotation, 111; school, university,
and profession, 112; influenced by
special events, 112; by discovery,
invention, etc., 112 f.; Anglo-Saxon of, 137.
tautology, 113 f.; similar double
phrases in more modern English,
114 f.; allegory of love, 116; man-
nerism in the Elizabethan age,
116 ff.; Euphuism, 117; ink-horn
terms, 117 f.; archaisms, 118 f.; pun-
ning, 119 f.; freedom of the Eliza-
bethan age, 120; Puritanism, 120 f.;
eighteenth century, 121 f.; Romantic
Revival, 123; nineteenth century,
124; permanent element in language,
121 ff.
Fawkes, Guy, 378.
Feminine terminations, 204.
Fencing, 56.
Generalization and specialization of
meaning (Chap. XVII), 234 ff.; special
processes (Chap. XVIII), 259 ff.
Genitive, 274, 343; as adverb, 195 ff.
Genius of a language, 125, 147 f.
Gentility as defined by Chaucer, 327.
German, its relation to English, 81,
159; words, 51, 64, 66 f., 70, 107, 119,
129 f., 132, 136, 140, 142 f., 151 f., 160,
189, 197, 199, 204, 208, 210, 214, 236 f.,
243, 249, 253, 270 n., 276 n., 280, 286,
289, 290 n., 296, 306, 310, 313, 320, 323,
326 n., 331 f., 337, 342, 347, 358, 360,
367, 373.
Homonyms, 139, 345 ff., 357 ff.
Horace, 37, 67 n., 258.
Horn, Romance of King, 374.
Horsemanship, 56, 59, 75, 111, 210 f.
Houses, names applied to, 143f.,
Humor in language, 16 f., 34, 35 n.,
40, 48 f., 51, 55 ff., 68 f., 102, 119 ff., 135,
Goo-goo theory. See Origin of Lan- 141, 211, 224, 230, 255, 298, 302 n., 304,
Greek, slang in, 60, 67 n.; English
words from, 21 ff., etc.; in the lan-
guage of science, 23; in philosophy,
34 ff.; in medicine, 45; Arabic words
from, 108; idiom (might of Her-
cules') in English, 257 f.; middle voice,
279 f.; religious ceremonial, euphem-
ism in, 301.
Greek Church, 156 ff.
Greenough, J. B., 60 n.
Guevara, 118.
Gunpowder Plot, 378.
Gypsies, 380.
Hall, Fitzedward, 206 n.
Hamann on language, 5.
Hart, J. M., 114 n.
Hastings, Battle of, 83.
Haytian, 136, 138.
Hebrew, thought to be the primitive
tongue, 3; words in English, 68, 108,
133, 137, 156.
Henry VII, 388 f.
Henry of Huntingdon, 341 n.
Herder, on the origin of language,
3; on language as poetry, 5.
High German. See German.
Hindoo, 59.
History, words illustrative of, 68 f.,
71 f., 93 ff., 112, 120 f., 128 ff., 144 ff.,
152 f.; 156 ff., 288, 348 ff., 358, 372 ff.,
387 ff.; of English language, see Eng-
lish language.
Hoccleve, Thomas, 91.
Homer, 61, 190, 373, 377.
311, 313, 331 f., 332, 339, 349, 354, 362 ff.,
373 ff., 378, 386 f. See Colloquialisms;
Slang.
Hunting terms, 57, 62, 75, 111, 288.
Huss, John, 89.
Hybrid words, 68 f., 105, 108, 129,
133, 135, 153 f., 166, 293 f., 331 ff.
Hyperbole or exaggeration (Chap.
XXII), 309 ff.; natural tendency of
speech, 16, 309; its causes, 309 ff.; in
words affirmative and negative, 310 f.;
figurative negative, 311 f.; double
negative, 312; exaggeration in slang,
312 f.; schoolgirl dialect, 312 f.; words
and phrases of degree, 312 ff.; terms
of disapproval, 314; grandiloquence,
317 ff.; in local names, 318; in courtesy,
322 ff.; terms of courteous address,
Icelandic. See Old Norse.
Idioms, English, 16, 17, 35 n., 49, 51 ff.,
114 f., 173, 180, 190, 197, 204 ff., 220 ff.,
227, 235, 237 ff., 257 f., 274 f., 311 f.,
315 f., 349, 369f., 381; euphemistic,
301 ff.; from quotations, 216 f.; irony
in, 222; French, 103, 150, 173, 312, 381;
Greek, 257 f.; Italian, 173; Latin, 13,
102 ff., 173, 230, 302, 303, 316.
Imitation of the sounds of nature, 3.
Imitative words, 16, 155.
Imperialism, 89.
Indians, North American, 66.
Indo-European family of languages,
161 ff.; inflection, 181 ff.; parent-
speech, 345.
Indo-European migration, 162.
Infinitive as noun, 173 n.; active and | confusion in language, 330 ff. See also
passive, 274 f.
Inflection, development of, 180 ff.;
English, 182 ff.; Gothic, 182 ff.; Greek,
279 f. See Anglo-Saxon; Verb.
Ink-horn terms, 117 f.
Insanity, inspiration and, 290; effect
of moon on, 364; care of, 388 f.
Inspiration and madness,"290.
Instrumental case, 202.
Table of Contents; Choice of words;
Comparative grammar; English; Lit-
erary language; Magic; Meaning;
Sprachgefühl; Words, etc.
Latin, slang in, 57, 60; Sprachgefühl,
Latin in English (Chap. VIII), 93 ff.;
before the Saxon Conquest, 93; in the
Anglo-Saxon period, 93 f.; in the Mid-
Interjectional theory of language, dle English period, 94 ff.; a second
Labor question, 29, 88 f.
Language, origin of, 1 ff., 391; natu-
ral rhythm of, 5; is poetry, 4 ff., 11 ff.,
264; cultivated and uncultivated, 19 ff.;
technical and class dialects, 42 ff., 111;
women's, 54; slang, 55 ff.; secret, 55 n.;
conservatism and innovation, 76 ff.;
literary language and dialect, 80 ff.;
fashions in speech, 110 ff.; families of
languages, 159 ff.; language and race,
162; language of a people given up,
162; machinery of, 168 ff.; variety and
consistency, 128 ff., 147 ff., 192 f.; petri-
faction, 195 ff., conventional charac-
ter, 72 f., 219 ff.; Stoic theory of, 229 ff.;
euphemism, 300 ff.; hyperbole, 309 ff.;
vernacular, 94, 100 f.; French and
Latin borrowings distinguished, 96 f.;
vulgar, 96 f.; learned borrowings,
98 f.; Latin words and phrases adopted
without change, 99 ff.; Latin abbrevia-
tions, 104 f.; Roman numerals, 105.
See French.
Latinization
against, 27.
of English, revolt
Latin literature, 22.
Latin Orient, 388.
Law, Roman, 222.
Law French, 45 f., 348.
Law Latin, 45 f., 102 f.
Law terms, 45 f., 64, 71, 75, 102 f.,
154, 208 f., 212 f., 214, 217 n., 222, 247,
353.
Laws of sound change, 163 ff.
Learned words and popular words
(Chap. III), 19 ff.; learned words
often of foreign origin, 21; some-
times native, 23 ff.; learned words
become popular (Chap. IV), 29 ff.,
157; scientific and technical, 30 ff.;
physiology, 30 ff.; astrology, 33 ff.;
philosophy, 34 ff.; technical or class
dialects, 42 ff.; learned and popular
words in French and English, 96 ff.;
learned and popular terms affected by
euphemism, 306.
Length of words, 175 n.
Letters, formulæ in, 221.
Literary language (Chap. VII),
80 ff.; distinguished from dialects,
80 f.; developed from a dialect, 80 f.;
history of the development, 81 ff.
See Choice of words; Colloquialism;
Slang.
Literature, poetry precedes prose,
|