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For draw the lines AB, AC, and bifect them in the points F, G (I. 10.); and through the centre o, draw FD, GE, cutting the circumference in D and E.

Then, fince AF is equal to FB (by Conft.), AO to OB (by Hyp.), and of common to each of the triangles AOF, BOF, the angle AFO will be equal to the angle Bro (I. 7.)

And because the right line of falls upon the right line AB, and makes the adjacent angles equal to each other, DF will be perpendicular to AB (I. Def. 8.)

But when a right line bisects any chord at right angles, it paffes through the centre of the circle (III. 1. Cor.); whence the centre must be somewhere in the line FD.

And, in the fame manner, it may be fhewn, that the centre must be fomewhere in the line GE.

But the lines FD, GE have no other point but o which is common to them both; therefore o is the centre of the circle ABD, as was to be fhewn.

PROP. V. THEOREM.

Circles of equal radii are equal to each other; and if the circles are equal, the radii will be equal.

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Let ABC, DEF be two circles, of which the radii Ga, GB are equal to the radii HF, HE; then will the circle ABC be equal to the circle DEF.

For

For conceive the circle DEF to be applied to the circle ABC, fo that the centre H may coincide with the

centre G.

Then, fince the radii HF, HE are equal to the radii GA, GB (by Hyp.), the points F, E will fall in the circumference of the circle ABC (I. Def. 13.); and the same may be fhewn of any other point D.

But fince any number of points, taken in the circumference of the circle DEF, fall in the circumference of the circle ABC, the two circumferences must coincide, and confequently the circles are equal to each other.

Again, let the circle ABC be equal to the circle DEF; then will the radii GA, GB be equal to the radii HF, HE.

For if they be not equal, they must be either greater or less let them be greater; and apply the circles to

each other as before.

Then, fince the radii GA, GB are greater than the radii HF, HE, the points F, E will fall within the circle ABC; and the fame may be fhewn of any other point D.

But, fince any number of points, taken in the circumference of the circle DEF, fall within the circle ABC, the whole circle DEF muft, alfo, fall within the circle ABC.

The circle DEF is, therefore, lefs than the circle ABC, and equal to it at the fame time (by Hyp.), which is abfurd: whence the radii GA, GB are not greater than the radii HF, He.

And in the fame manner it may be fhewn that they cannot be lefs; confequently they are equal to each other. Q. E. D. COROLL. Equal circles, or fuch as have equal radii, or diameters, have equal circumferences.

PRO P. VI. THEOREM.

If two circles touch each other internally, the centres of the circles and the point of contact will be all in the fame right line.

Let the two circles BEG, BDF touch each other internally at the point B; then will the centres of thofe circles and the point в be in the fame right line.

For let A be the centre of the circle BEG, and draw the diameter GB.

And if the centre of the circle BDF be not in GB, let, if poffible, fome point c, out of that line, be the centre; and join A, C, C, B; and produce AC to cut the circles in D and E.

Then, fince ACB is a triangle, the fides AC, CB, taken together, are greater than the fide AB (I. 18.), or its equal AE.

And if, from thefe equals, the part AC, which is common, be taken away, the remainder CB will be greater than the remainder CE.

But, fince c is the centre of the circle BDF (by Hyp.), CB is equal to CD (I. Def. 13.); whence CD will also be greater than CE, which is impoffible.

The point c, therefore, cannot be the centre of the circle BDF; and the fame may be shewn of

point out of the line AB.

G

any other

Q.E. D.

PROP.

PROP. VII. THEOREM.

If two circles touch each other externally, the centres of the circles and the point of contact will be all in the fame right line.

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Let the two circles BEG, BDF touch each other externally at the point B ; then will the centres of thofe circles and the point B, be in the fame right line.

For, let A be the centre of the circle BEG, and draw the diameter GB, which produce till it cuts the circle BDF in F.

And, if the centre of the circle BDF be not in the line AF, let, if poffible, fome point c, out of that line, be the centre; and join C, A, C, B.

Then, fince A is the centre of the circle BEG, AE is equal to AB (I. Def. 13.)

And because c is the centre of the circle BDF (by Hyp.), CD is equal to CB (I. Def. 13.)

But AB, BC, together, are greater than AC (I. 18.); therefore AE, CD, together, are alfo greater than AC; which is abfurd.

The point c, therefore, cannot be the centre of the circle BDF; and the fame may be fhewn of any other point out of the line AF. Q. E. D.

PROP. VIII. THEOREM.

Any two chords in a circle, which are equally distant from the centre, are equal to each other; and if they be equal to each other, they will be equally diftant from the

centre.

E

Let ABED be a circle, whofe centre is o; then will any two chords AB, DE, which are equally distant from o, be equal to each other.

For join the points AO, OD, and let fall the perpendiculars oc, OF (I. 12.)

Then, fince a right line, drawn from the centre of a circle, at right angles to any chord, bifects it (III. 3.), AC will be equal to CB, and DF to FE.

And, because the angles ACO, DFO are right angles, the fquares of AC, co will be equal to the fquare of AO (II. 14.), and the fquares of DF, FO to the fquare of Do.

But the fquare of AO is equal to the fquare of OD (II. 2.); confequently the fquares of AC, co will be equal to the fquares of DF, FO.

And fince oc is equal to oF (III. Def. 8.), the square of oc will be equal to the fquare of oF (II. 2.); whence

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