=

=

=

of which 112.7 feet, ap. dist. for the 4° curve. Move to E, deflect 9o R; range out the line E F, made up of E B = AE 112.7 feet, and BF any convenient distance, say 90 feet. This 90 feet is the assumed ap. dist. of some unknown angle on the 60 curve. To find the angle, multiply 90 by 6, and seek the product, 540, in the AD column of Table XVI., where it is found opposite 10° 46'. By moving then to F, deflecting 10° 46′ R, and measuring FC = 90 feet, the point C is fixed on the second curve.

3. Should unexpected obstacles be met in carrying out either of these plans, the triangles AGC or EGF may be solved, and the point C fixed by means of the lines A G, G C.

4. The application of the foregoing methods to urning obstacles on simple curves needs no special instance.

XXVIII.

TO SHIFT A P. C. SO THAT THE CURVE SHALL TERMINATE IN A GIVEN TANGENT.

E

B

D

F

1. Suppose a 3° curve A B to have been located, containing an angle of 44° 26', and ending in tangent BE: required, that it shall end in tangent D F, parallel to BE. It is plain, from the diagram, that if the curve and

its initial tangent be moved forward, like the blade of a skate, until the terminal tangent merges in D F, the P. T. will have traversed the line BD, equal and parallel to A C.. If, therefore, on the ground at B, the angle E B D, equal to the whole angle consumed by the curve, in this case 44° 26', be laid off to the right, and the distance BD to the range of the proposed terminal tangent be measured, the equal distance A C, from the original to the required P. C., is thus directly ascertained.

Should such direct measurement be impracticable, range out the tangent BE, and, at any convenient point, measure the distance from it square across to the proposed terminal tangent D F, say 56 feet. Then in the right triangle B E D, mak

the sine ED 56 feet. sin. 44° 26', or 560.7,

=

=

=

Hence, by trigonometry, E D ÷ nat. = BD=80 feet, distance A C along the initial tangent, from the erroneous to the correct P. C. 2. This problem occurs more frequently than any other in the field; and the young engineer should have it by heart, that the distance square across between terminal tangents, divided by the natural sine of the total angle turned, will give him the distance he is to advance or recede with his P. C. to make a fit.

3. Excepting on precarious rocky steeps, city streets, or like exact confines, to strike within two feet of any point designated in the project, may be considered striking the mark. Astronomical nicety, whether with transit or level, in an ordinary railroad location, is mere waste of time.

4. The observant reader will not fail to perceive that the foregoing rule applies to systems of curves, or to compound lines also, the angle EBD being the angle included between the initial and terminal tangents, let what flexures or indirections soever have been interposed; and that, if the angle referred to be either 180° or 360°, adjustment by shift of P. C. is impracticable. In those cases, a change of radius becomes necessary.

XXIX.

TO SUBSTITUTE FOR A CURVE ALREADY LOCATED, ONE OF DIFFERENT RADIUS, BEGINNING AT THE SAME POINT, CONTAINING THE SAME ANGLE, AND ENDING IN A FIXED TERMINAL TANGENT.

AB BC. Referring to Table XVI., the chord of a 1° curve

fore,

=

797.7 feet, say 798 feet,

=

A B. To find BC, solve

the triangle BDC, observing that the angle DBC one-half of the central angle 32° 20',

=

=

=

16° 10′, and that D C

= 60 feet. Then DC 216 feet, = BC. Hence A C

1,014 feet.

=

= say

= 798216= H

Having thus found the length of chord A C, the radius and rate of curvature may be deduced as in X.

=

Or, dividing the tabular chord of 32° 20' by chord A C 1,014, the degree of the required curve is ascertained directly to be 3.15, equivalent to 3° 09'.

2. SECOND METHOD. - Find the apex distance AH, : AI +IH. The tabular ap. dist. of 32° 20' divided by 4 gives A ì 415 feet. In the triangle KD C, the side DC nat. sin. 60 nat. sin. 32° 20', 112 feet KC=IH. Then 415 + 112

ap. dist. 1,661 527 gives 3.15, equivalent to 3° 09', the degree of the required curve AC, as before.

XXX.

HAVING LOCATED A CURVE A B C, TO FIND THE POINT B AT WHICH TO COMPOUND INTO ANOTHER CURVE OF GIVEN RADIUS, WHICH SHALL END IN TANGENT E F, PARALLEL TO THE TERMINAL TANGENT OF THE ORIGINAL CURVE, AND A GIVEN DISTANCE FROM IT.

1. To find B, the angle BIC must be found. Call the given distance between tangents D; the larger radius, R; the smaller one, r; the required angle, a Then, referring to the figure, observe that in the triangle IH K, IH being radius, IK is the cosine a; i.e., IK ÷ IH nat. cosine a. But IHR — r; IK = IC KC, and KC

r+ D; i.e., IK = R — r — D.

=

KF or HE

Hence nat. cosine

+FC,

The same reasoning would apply if A BE were the curve first located, and a terminal curve of larger radius required to be put in.

2. We have, then, the following general rule for such cases: Divide the perpendicular distance between terminal tangents by the difference of the radii, and subtract the quotient from unity; the remainder is the natural cosine of the angle of retreat along the located curve to the required P. C. C.

Example.

3. A 3° curve on the ground, to find the P. C. C. of a 5° curve striking 27 feet to the right. Here D = 27; R = 1,910

1,146, .03534

=

=

764; D÷(R − r) =
.96466

=

27764,

=

.03534; and 1 nat. cosine 15° 17'. We must go back, therefore, 509 feet on the 3° curve, to compound into the 5° curve. Had the 5° curve been located first, we must have gone back 306 feet to begin the 3° curve which should strike 27 feet to the left. In either case, time might be saved by moving directly from E to C, or the reverse, and spotting in the curve backwards. To do this, we have in the right triangle FE C, the angle E = half of 15° 17', 7° 38', and the side FC 27 feet. Then EC 27÷nat. sin. 7° 38', 203 feet; and if E

=

=

=

were stake 54.20 on the 5° curve, B would fall at stake 54.20 - 3.06, 51.14; and C, the P. T. of the 3° curve, at 51.14 + 5.09,

=

stake 56.23.

XXXI.

TERMINAL

TO SHIFT A P. C. C., SO THAT THE
BRANCH OF THE CURVE SHALL END IN A
GIVEN TANGENT.

FIRST CASE: the terminal branch having the shorter radius.

A

B

curve

1. Suppose the compound ACN located, and that it is required to fix a new P. C. C. at B, from which the terminal branch BM shall merge in tangent ML, a given distance from NO. To fix B, the central angle BHM of the new terminal branch E must be found, and substituted for

tance asunder of the terminal tangents, D; the central angle, CIN, =IEK, of the located terminal branch, b; and the central angle, BHM, = HEF, to be substituted for it, a.

In the right triangle, EIK, EK cos. b.

In the right triangle H FE, EF

EI cos. IEK = (R − r)

=

EII cos. HEF

(R − r)

LOD, since each is equal to r

-

- KL.

EK-F K; i.e., (R-r) cos. a= (R―r) cos. b

nat. cosine b-[D÷÷ (R—r)].

Were the curve B M located, and the curve C N to be substi

tuted for it, that is to say, were a given and b required, we should have, by transposition, nat. cos. b = nat. cos. a+ D÷ (R − r).

Example.

=

A 3°, compounding into a 5° curve at C, which consumes an angle CIN, 30° 22′, and ends in a tangent, N O, which is found, by measurement of LO, to be 34 feet too far to the left. Here, D 1,910, r = 1,146, b = 30° 22′; and, by the solution, nat. cos. anat. cos. 30° 22' — 34 ÷ [1,910 1,146] 0.8628 — (34 ÷ 764).

=

34, R

34

764

.0445

Then 0.8628 0.0445

N

BHM CIN:

the angle of retreat from the erroneous P. C. C. 30° 22′ = 4° 43', equivalent to 157 feet, on the 3° curve, from C to B. 2. SECOND CASE: the terminal branch having the longer radius.

Let BN represent the terminal branch located with central angle IKO b, and suppose it required to determine the new arc CM,

with central angle IEF= α. Call the longer radius R, the