arrived at the result that the milk of the evening is richer by 3 per cent. than that of the morning, the latter containing only 10 per cent. of solid matter, and the former 13 per cent. On the other hand, the water contained in milk diminishes by 3 per cent. in the course of the day; in the morning it contains 89 per cent, of water, and only 86 per cent. in the evening. The fatty particles increase gradually as the day wears on. In the morning they amount to 2·17 per cent.; at noon, to 263; and in the evening to 342 per cent. This circumstance, if true, would be very important in a practical point of view. Let us suppose a kilogramme of milk to yield only the sixth part of its weight of butter; then the milk of the evening may yield double that quantity. The caseous particles are also more abundant in the evening than in the morning -from 2-24 they increase to 2.70 per cent., but the quantity of albumen diminishes from 0-44 to 0:31. The serum is less abundant at midnight than at Doon, being 4-19 per cent, in the former case and 4-72 in the last.-Times.

In my report on the adulteration of milk, published in the "Lancet "in 1851, I gave the results of the analysis of a number of samples of morning and afternoon milk, obtained from different cows; and from these it appeared, that, while ten samples of morning milk furnished collectively 774 percentages of cream, the average of the whole being 7, the same number of samples of afternoon milk taken from the same cows gave 961 percentages, the average being 91. curd in the first series of samples amounted to 693, and in the second to 810 grains. Thus I have found the difference to be even greater than that stated by Dr. Boedecker.

The

But, further, at the period referred to I made the somewhat singular observation, that the composition of milk varies still more at different periods of even the same milking, the milk last drawn from the udder being always much richer than that first abstracted. Thus, while eight samples of the afternoon milk first drawn furnished 61 percentages of cream, that last removed amounted to no less than 1414 percentages.

These facts are pregnant with practical importance. Upon this part of the subject I must not enlarge, but will merely refer to the common practice which prevails for invalids to procure their glass of milk direct from the cow. The milk thus obtained must, as we have seen, be

of the most uncertain composition, according as it is the first or last milk drawn. If the former, it will be exceedingly poor in cream, &c.; and if the latter, exceedingly rich.-Dr. Hassall.

INFLUENCE OF THE GULF-STREAM.

Doubling the Cape of Florida, the GulfStream (that is, stream from the Gulf of Mexico) flows north-east in a line almost parallel to the American coast; touches the southern borders of the banks of Newfoundland; and thence, with increasing width and diffusion, proceeds across the Atlantic, till, in the region of the Azores, it spreads out into two great branchesone curving southwards towards the equator, and the other flowing northwards, impinging in its course against the western coasts of Europe, and ultimately losing itself in the waters of the Arctic Ocean The length of this great oceanriver, from its commencement to the Azores, is 3,000 miles, and its greatest breadth about 120 miles. When it leaves the Strait of Florida its velocity is about 4 miles an hour; off Cape Hatteras, in North Carolina, it is reduced to 3 miles; on the Newfoundland banks it is further reduced to 14 miles; and this gradual abatement of force continues with its diffusion across the Atlantic. A similar decrease takes place in its temperature, the maximum of which in the Strait of Florida is 86 degrees, or 9 degrees above that of the ocean in the same latitude. Off Newfoundland, in winter, it is said to be from 25 degrees to 30 degrees above the water through which it flows; in midoccan, from 8 degrees to 10 degrees; nor is the heat wholly lost when it impinges against the shores of Western Europe. The Gulf-Stream is thus, in reality, a great thermal ocean-river, incessantly flowing from warmer to colder regions, diffusing warmth and moisture along its course, and tempering the climates of countries that lie within its influence. Compressed, as it were, at its commencement, between two areas of colder water, its deep-blue warm current rises in convexity above the surrounding ocean; but as it proceeds it cools, becomes diffused, assumes the ordinary level, and partakes of the greener hue of northern waters. sets a limit to the southward flow and chilling influences of the Arctic iceberg, that melts away in its warm stream, and becomes at the same time the great natural barrier between the life of the Northern and Southern Atlantic.-David Page, F.R.S.E.

It

neutral practice, "but also that it should be taught in class, wherever we have teachers fit to teach it, and pupils willing to hear it." Letters of gold would not sufficiently express the value we place on these words of the new Governor-General. They were followed by a manly, English, and Christian confession of political faith to the following

efect: "Sir John Lawrence has been led, in common with others, since the occurrence of the awful events of 1857, to ponder deeply on what may be the faults and shortcomings of the British as a Christian nation in India. In considering subjects such as those treated of in this despatch, he would solely endeavour to ascertain what is our Christian duty. Having ascertained that according to our erring light and conscience, he would follow it out to the uttermost, undeterred by any consideration. If we address ourselves to this task, it may, with the blessing of Providence, not prove too difficult for us. Sir John Lawrence does entertain the earnest belief that all those measures which are really and truly Christian can be carried out in India, not only without danger to the British rule, but, on the contrary, with every advantage to its stability." A new era will open on India when the principles thus boldly proclaimed shall be carried into effect.

NATIONAL EDUCATION IN INDIA. Under the title of "National Education in India," a very seasonable pamphlet has been published in Madras, by Mr. John Murdoch, Indian Agent of the Christian Vernacular Education Society for India. He exhibits the NEED OF EDUCATION by stating that "the proportion of persons able to read varies in different parts of India from about one in 300 to 10 per cent."

"In Mysore 2 per cent. is the proportion of readers." "In the richest and most populous portion of the Province of Bengal there are about three persons in every 100 under education."

"The expenditure by Government in Bengal, on account of education, does not reach one-halfpenny per head per

annum."

"In 1861, the Government-aided schools contained only one pupil in 500 of the population." "The proportion of the people under Christian instruction amounts to only one in 1760!" "The Government-aided and Mission schools contain less than one in 400 of the population of British India." "The proportion under instruction

in England is one in seven and three quarters."

MYSORE.

That

DURING the early part of this year our street-preaching was very encouraging. Our congregations were large, our discourses were listened to with interest and a degree of earnestness; a serious spirit was manifested, and we frequently concluded with prayer. A great change, however, soon followed. The swinging feast, the feast to the god of lust, and several others, carried away the public mind into a state of extraordinary excitement; the bitterest opposition to the Gospel was shown; the name of Christ was sometimes blasphemed in the most fearful manner, and the people seemed to rave under powerful Satanic influence. God now interposed in judgment. terrible scourge, the cholera, broke out in the end of February, and continued to rage until the close of May. Nearly two thousand persons were seized by it, and about one half of them died. The scenes presented in Mysore during these months can never be forgotten by us. The general terror of the people, the sacrifices and prayers to Mari, the goddess of disease, the funeral processions, the processions of gods along every street, the everlasting rattle of tomtoms, and the wild yells of the people at night, defy description. But the most distressing part of the whole scene was, that, instead of leading the people to repentance, this fearful judgment seemed only to make them more mad upon their idols. During this time of distress the Lord remembered us in special mercy. We were enabled to walk in the midst of the pestilence unharmed, and not one of our native Christians was even sick for an hour. When this became known, many of the heathen were astonished. For the last four months our out-door preaching has been again more pleasant and hopeful. In some places we can frequently obtain a hundred for a congregation, who will listen well for an hour or an hour and a half; and, notwithstanding the power and freshness of idolatry in Mysore, and notwithstanding the fact that superstition is nursed in the palace by the old Rajah with the greatest fondness, and is watched over with constant care by ten thousand Brahmins, the truth is making itself felt. This is seen in various ways. We hardly ever meet with a man who will undertake to defend idolatry. The glorious attributes and spiritual nature of God are becoming widely known. Then among a certain class there is a re-action against idolatry;

they are ashamed of its absurdity and foolishness; they are seeking refuge and happiness in Vedantism; and their number is increasing every year. The secular Brahmins, in Government employment, and the more intelligent merchants, form another class. They see the hollowness and wickedness of their religious teachers, the endless Babel presented by Hinduism, and the moral and intellectual degradation of the masses; they have no faith in their own Vedas or Puranas; they feel they need something to appeal to their understanding and hearts; and they often confess that Christianity is true, and that it will soon become the religion of India. Those who have received an English education form another illustration of our statement. The study of history, of geography, and of the elements of English science, and their contact with the Bible, render it impossible for this class to be orthodox Hindus. Their condition is one of great trial and misery. They are ashamed to be idolaters; and they have not courage to declare themselves Christians.

We

You may be pleased to hear how we celebrated October 6th in Mysore. did not forget that it was the Jubilee day of our Missionary Society. We proclaimed a general holiday in all our schools; and Mr. Marrat gave a long address on the history and results of our Society, in the morning, to about forty interesting youths in our English school. At half-past eleven, A. M., which would be six P.M. in Leeds, we held a prayermeeting; and felt it good to be there. All our Christians met about six P. M. in our little chapel; we then sang and prayed; and I baptized a young man in the presence of the company. I had arranged to baptize two; but the courage of one failed at the eleventh hour. The one who did come had been attending my Sunday class-meeting for about five months; and he witnessed a good confession. As it was a time of rejoicing with us, we called the new Jubilee disciple Anandaka, which means "the joyful one A bijah, Mr. Marrat, and I now gave speeches on the design of the Jubilee, and the history and blessed fruits of our Missionary Society throughout the world. Our people caught the inspiration, clapped their hands for joy, and about fifty of us felt we never spent a happier evening. At the end, old John, a Sepoy, came up to us, said he wanted to make a donation to help to build our new chapel, and volunteered to collect for it. I told them in faith, if we prayed about it, and did what we could, the Committee

in England would help us.-Rev. John Hutcheon, A.M., Mysore, October 23rd, 1863.

CHINA.

AT present five Missionaries are stationed here, and we labour in four or five chapels and preaching-places in the city and its suburbs. The number of our church members is twenty-eight. Three schools are in active operation, containing one hundred and eighty pupils. We have four thoroughly good dwelling-houses, three of which are freehold, and one the leasehold property of the Society..... Four or five men at Canton will keep all going on that has been begun; and, by the blessing of God's Spirit, they will reap a rich harvest of souls. It will not be understood that we are the only Missionaries in Canton. There are two other English and ten American Missionaries stationed here. This is also a reason why we should now look to the regions beyond, and seek to extend our labours to some of the populous cities and towns lying at no great distance from us.

The

Something has been done toward the Fatshán Mission. In 1860, our Colporteurs visited Fatshán, a town of immense size, with a population of 400,000 souls, removed from Canton only some twelve or fourteen miles. There we have now a preaching-place, with a resident Native Assistant; and a weekly visit, for the purpose of preaching, is paid by one of our number. The Conference of 1862, encouraged by the noble donation of 1,500 guineas from an old friend to the China Mission, given expressly for the establishment of a station at this great emporium, appointed one man to commence the work there. last District-Meeting asked for the appointment of an additional man to Fatshán; and it is very obvious that no man ought to stand alone among 400,000 heathens. I hope the Conference which has just closed at Sheffield may have been able to grant our request. It will thus be seen that we have already one station partially opened at Fatshán, and the present effort to raise £1,000 ia China, and as much more in England, is in hope that the Committee will feel warranted to undertake two other new stations on the West River, and thus establish a chain of stations reaching halfway across this province towards the next, namely, Kwangsi.

It is at two places on the banks of this noble river that the District-Meeting projected our next extension, and for

nam,

Sai

which we now seek to raise funds. the nearest of these two places, is about thirty miles farther up the river, altogether seventy-five geographical miles from Canton.

Sai-nam is about two miles south of the walled city of San-Shui, (which lies back from the river,) and, properly speaking, may be said to lie on the North River, but being just at the east end of a singlar belt which binds the North and West Rivers together. It is the centre of a trade from both rivers, and the seat of some manufactures. The population is estimated at 20,000 or 25,000, which is not large; but the place recommends itself to us on account of its central position, and as an easy step to Shiú-king, giving continuity to the chain from Canton to that place. A great centre of population could easily be found.

Shiu-hing is the head city of a department of the same name, embracing thirteen districts, and extending from the mountains of Kwangsi to the sea-coast. The city of Shiú-hing, once the residence of the viceroy of the two "Broad" provinces, is still a first-class city, though many of its public buildings are sadly dilapidated. Its population is estimated at 150,000, dwelling within the walls and in two extensive suburbs on the east and west of the city. On the north is a fine, fertile plain, with the high hills in the back-ground, and on the south flows the river, one mile and a quarter broad, with lofty summits crowned by two pagodas directly opposite the city. It is not beauty of situation, however, that makes it so desirable that Shiú-hing should be occupied by our Mission, but its position on the great highway to three provinces, and its central location in the department. The trade on the West River at present is not so large as on the North River; but when the province of Kwangsi, Kwai-chau, and Yun-nán are again in a state of order, the timber, cassia, cotton, rice, and oil, with other productions of their mountains and plains, will again pass Shiú-hing on the way to the great markets of Fatshan and Canton. At some future day a busy traffic will be resumed. There need be no hesitation in affirming that Shiú-hing, next to Canton, is the most important post we can occupy in the whole province.

Shunteh, or, in the local dialect, Shuntak, is the head of a district of the same name. It lies in a south-south-west direction from Canton, at a distance of about forty miles, in the heart of a rich silk-producing country. It is on one of innumerable streams which form one of

the finest pieces of river network probably in the world. Thousands of rich alluvial islands, producing immense quantities of rice, and everywhere covered with the mulberry-tree, which annually sustains the life of millions of silkworms, are formed by the intersections of these streams. A teeming population swarms in this most fertile part of the Canton province. Shuntak, perhaps, contains 30,000 or 40,000 inhabitants; but other towns are reputed to have as many as 80,000 or even 100,000 inhabitants. The whole region is one immense human hive; rich in all material wealth, the produce of a prolific soil, and of ever active industrious human hands.

Still, surely at no very distant day, the rich silk districts will have a couple of Missionaries, located at some commanding position, enabling them to preach the Gospel of Christ to these multitudes. What object worthier of a Methodist Missionary's efforts is there than to labour in such a sphere? What young man will receive into his heart the necessary baptism of the Spirit for such a work?-Rev. George Piercy, Canton, September 22d, 1863.

FIJI.

On the 16th and 17th of March I met the students. There have been only seventeen present during the year. The progress of the young men in reading, writing, arithmetic, Old-Testament history, and in a knowledge of the doctrines of holy Scripture, was very manifest; and all were clean, respectful, and of an excellent spirit.

The tutor's house is plain and strong, and in a very elevated position. The school-room is large and good, airy and healthy, but somewhat weak by being too high.

The students' houses are tolerably good, and their town is neatly laid out. The paths are straight, wide, and neat, showing that the few students must have been heavily taxed with hard labour, which must have interfered seriously with their progress.

An establishment like this, of such importance to our very extensive work, to which one of our number is devoted, must be supplied with more men. Fifty could be conveniently accommodated in the school-room. Many of the lessons given would be of equal service to a large number, without any extra effort on the part of the tutor; and, when divided into classes, he could be assisted by some of the advanced students, to whom such