by the latter. Perhaps "3rd Hussars" was the shield two semi-nude boys holding each a wine stoop name of one of the East India Company's regi- and glass, while the shield itself presents Richard with ments. I should be very glad to know what a full glass of frothing wine and a boy prepared apparently to tap a butt. Perhaps the most interesting plate family John Fairfax belonged to, and should be of all is that of William Penn, Esq., proprietor of Pennmuch indebted to KILLIGREW (or any other corre-sylvania, 1703, with its elaborate mantling and its motto Two book-plates of George spondent) if he could inform me how I could Dum clavum teneam." obtain the names of persons who were in the East Washington, one genuine the other fraudulent, are reproduced. Both are heraldic, as are the book-plates of India Company's service, with the dates. Daniel Webster and John Quincy Adams. Among CHARLES DRury. eccentric book-plates some arrest immediately attention. First of these is the simple shell of the "chambered nautilus" of Oliver Wendell Holmes, with its motto, "Per ampliora ad altiora." That of Mr. Brander Matthews, designed by Mr. Edwin A. Abbey, is very quaint, presenting an American Indian gazing curiously at the mask of old Greek comedy on which he has stumbled. Scarcely less strange is that of Mr. Thomas Bailey Aldrich, with a mask and a raven in a frame, and the legend, "Thomas Bailey Aldrich His Mark." We have said enough concerning the volume to commend it to those of our readers whom the subject attracts. A portion of the bibliographical information, afforded is reprinted from the pages of the Ex-Libris Journal.

ENGINEER OFFICERS (8th S. vi. 327).-The information asked for by MR. TEw will most likely be found in Conolly's 'History of the Sappers and Miners.' I regret that my copy was lent to a military friend and never returned.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

AYEAHR.

By

American Book-Plates: a Guide to their Study.
Charles Dexter Allen. (Bell & Sons.)
MR. DEXTER ALLEN's pioneer volume, as it is modestly
characterized by its author, is an indispensable com-
panion to the English Book-Plates' of Mr. Egerton
Castle, and the French Book-Plates' (Ex-libris) of Mr.
Walter Hamilton, which form practically part of the
same series. It is a goodly and handsomely illustrated
volume of over four hundred pages. With English
book-plates American book-plates are indissolubly linked.
Early American plates are, with few exceptions, those
of English settlers, and the task diligently pursued in
America of tracing genealogical links between the old
country and the new will be furthered and expedited by
the appearance of this work. In the Southern States,
as might have been expected, the plates are heraldic
and have mostly been engraven in England. The early
settlers in New England, with their conviction of the
futility of such things, set their faces against coat-armour,
and were content with such simplest signs of possession
as a name or name and address included in a simple
square or oval border. Not so their descendants. "Pride
of ancestry and love of the display of aristocratic claims "
seem inherent in humanity, and no long time elapsed
before the prominent families of the North had their
book-plates as well as their arms upon the panels of their
coaches. In this case, however, the plates were the work
of native artists, mostly self taugnt, and were conse-
quently inferior to the work of "the London experts found
upon the Southern plates, both in drawing and execu-
tion."
Not the less interesting or valuable is it to the
collector on that account. Many splendidly executed
plates in the various styles fixed, as it appears, per-
manently by Lord de Tabley, are given in Mr. Dexter
Allen's volumes. The heraldic plates are, however, as a
rule, English to most intents and purposes, and it is
those in which American influences are most evident
that are of highest interest. In the American libraries
the best specimens of these are found. There are, of
couree, plates in which a lavish display of stars and
stripes, in place of mantling or other heraldic decoration,
attests what may be called the piety of American citizen-
ship. Artistically, however, these are not particularly
attractive. In the New York Society Library one sees
Columbia armed as from combat, presenting, or perhaps
"loaning," from a not very extensive library, books to the
Red "Indian whose untutored mind" has grasped the
importance of knowledge. Richard Wynkoop, perhaps
by a species of canting heraldry, has for supporters of a

A History of the Art of Bookbinding. With some
Account of the Books of the Ancients. Edited by
W. Salt Brassington. (Stock.)

THE use by Mr. Brassington on the title-page to this excellent and laborious compilation of the term "edited" awakes some little dubiety as to what is his share in a work of much importance and research. The basis of the work is avowedly found in "a useful and now scarce little book entitled An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Books of the Ancients,' by John Hannett." According to this, the name of Hannett was entitled to appear on the title-page. Internal evidence, however, as well as Mr. Brassington's statement that the history is practically "a new one," seems to show that the word "edited" is either too modest or involves the supposition, which we are reluctant and unable to receive, that Mr. Brassington has lent his name to the work of another man or other men. The opening portion, including four chapters on "The Books of the Ancients," probably owes much to Hannett, some of the information supplied having filtered to the public through various compilations. With the beginning of the second, and far longer portion, supplying The History of Bookbinding," and containing fifteen chapters, we become sensible that a further point is reached, and that sources not open to Hannett have been explored. It is as a matter of curiosity rather than of reproach that we make these statements. We have before us an important and a workmanlike book, and we should like to know to whom we are indebted for views and assertions. How comprehensive is the treatment is shown in the fact that the first head line is "The Earliest Records of Prehistoric Man," and the concluding reference is to the English Illustrated Magazine. The origin of bookbinding is placed practically in the fourth century of the Christian era, when the folded volume replaced the more primitive roll. The earlier portion of the bookbinder's art, the stitching together of the sheets, the fixing transversely of leather bands, the attaching of the ends of these to wooden boards, and so forth, has remained the same until the present time. It is only in the covering supplied, in the substitution of string for the leather bands mentioned before, and other kindred matters that change is traceable between the fifteenth century and to-day. Concerning the splendour of Byzantine bindings, Mr. Brassington has much to say. "Byzantine coatings' were principally of metal-sometimes gold or silver,

60

with an ivory carving often placed in the centre. Pre-
cious stones as portions of external decorations came
into use before the sixth century. A book presented by
the Emperor Justin to Pope Hormisda between the
years 518 and 523 was bound, it is stated, "in plates of
gold, and enriched with precious stones to the weight of
fifteen pounds." Such gifts were not uncommon. Not
until the eleventh and twelfth centuries do the illustra-
tions of bindings, which constitute a valuable and an
attractive feature in the volume, begin. A carved ivory
cover of the Psalter of Queen Melissenda, in the British
Museum, is a marvellous piece of work, and other bind-
ing, ornamented with gold and gems, from the South
One of
Kensington Museum, is not less remarkable.
the most interesting portions of the volume is the
description of early Irish bindings, which have a cha-
racter all their own. Of these bindings many specimens
are reproduced. Early stamped leather bindings are
more familiar, and the productions of the great French
binders are known to all amateurs and collectors. It is
impossible to convey to the reader an idea of the sub-
jects treated and of the amount of information and illus
tration stored within the book. Whether he calls him-
self editor, compiler, or author, Mr. Brassington has
given the world a work of much research, and of equal
interest and importance.

A History of Lancashire. By Lieut.-Col. Henry Fish-
wick, F.S.A. (Stock.)

THIS is one of the well-known series of "Popular County
Histories." A good selection was made when Col. Fish-
wick was chosen to be the compiler. He has devoted
himself for a long period to the study of the Lancashire
of times past. We have read several of his former books.
So far as our experience goes, this is the best. It will
assuredly be the most popular. Col. Fishwick possesses
what so many writers of local history do not, a sense of
proportion. He has not devoted an undue space in his
narrative to those subjects which have the greatest
attraction for himself. So carefully, indeed, are the
scales held, that we have been quite unable to discover
what periods are the most interesting to him. The least
satisfactory parts are those which treat of the earliest
periods. This is, however, but natural. Lancashire was
not Lancashire in the Roman and pre-Roman time, so
that he had very little indeed to tell which had not
found a place in other volumes of the series. It is when
we get to the mediæval and modern times that we find
the author at his best. The account of the religious
foundations with which Lancashire once abounded is,
though perhaps too short, excellently done, as is also the
account of the religious state of the county from the
It is written without any
Reformation downwards.
trace of the odium theologicum. It has been said that in
the sixteenth century, so soon as a man had acquired a
deep sense of religion, he at once became earnestly
desirous to put somebody else to death because he did
not agree with him. The terrible sketch Col. Fishwick
has drawn shows that this is but a very slight exaggera-
tion. It requires an effort to pardon even the zealous
and enthusiastic men who did these things. What, then,
shall we say of persons like the Earl of Derby, who seem
to have had no idea beyond that of sailing with the
stream? In the reign of Mary this nobleman was active
in detecting Protestants. It was through him that
George Marsh was burnt, for refusing to conform to the
old religion, on April 24, 1555. Yet the author points
out that when Elizabeth was on the throne he changed
front, and "we now find the persecutor of Marsh every
whit as keen in running to earth the recusant Roman
Catholic." Some of our older readers may call to mind
that far-off time when Mrs. Bray's novel entitled The

Protestant' was a popular book. A heartless time-server of this sort-we forget his name is one of the characters therein. We well remember that the author was thought to have trespassed on the credulity of her readers in drawing a character so conscienceless. It is not easy for a writer, while keeping within the limits of physical law, to draw a character which it is impossible to parallel in real life.

The marriages of infants were wont to take place all over Europe during the Middle Ages. It is generally believed that they were made impossible by the ReThere were, formers. This seems not to have been the case. In the reign of Elizabeth they seem to have been quite common. Sometimes they were set on one side. however, many other instances where divorce was neither obtained nor applied for."

It would have been unpardonable in a Lancashire historian had he not dwelt on the discoveries which, following in such rapid succession, have made that county one of the greatest manufacturing centres in the world. The material progress of the eighteenth century has been admirably treated, and the careers of Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Crompton dealt with in a most interesting way.

MR. LEIGHTON's Book-Plate Annual and Armorial Year-Book (A. & C. Black) has many articles of extreme speare a Library?' The D'Eon Book-plate' may also interest. Best of all is the investigation Had Shakebe read with interest; and there is much important counsel as to what not to do with a book. Among the fantasies of the author is an imaginary book-plate for the Garrick Club, made out of the Shakspeare bust in Stratford Church.

OUR best sympathies go out to Mr. Joseph Whitaker, the much respected founder of the well-known 'Whitaker's Almanack' and of the Bookseller, on the death of his son, Mr. Joseph Vernon Whitaker, at the early age of fifty. Mr. Whitaker devoted most of his time to the editing of the Bookseller, and by his genial manners and the interest he took in the various trade charities endeared himself to all who knew him.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the came and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate,"

A. G. REID ("Longevity ").-So much has been said on this subject in early volumes of N. & Q.' its reopening is deprecated.

Bo Bo ("Painting on Silk "). Consult a drawing master.

NOTICE.
Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The
Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and
Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office,
Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.

drews, in which the more attractive features of the district covered by NOTES

Second 1s. 3d.

LONDON: 12, ST. BRIDE-STREET, LUDGATE-CIRCUS, E.C.

Frinted by JOHN C. FRANCIS, Athenæum Press, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane, E.C.; and Published by the said
JOHN C. FRANCIS, at Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane, E.C.-Saturday, January 19, 1895.

"Messrs. Bell are determined to do more than maintain the reputation of 'Bohn's Libraries.""

Guardian, October 8, 1890.

"The imprint of Bohn's Standard Library is a guaranty of good editing."-Critic (N.Y.), November 22, 1890. "Let me say, in passing, that you can hardly make a mistake in purchasing from Bohn's Libraries, issued by Messrs. Bell. They consist of really standard books at very low prices, well bound, well printed, well edited, and a lasting satisfaction to the possessor."-Dr. NICOLL, in the British Weekly, March 19, 1891.

BOHN'S

LIBRARIES.

747 Volumes at 3s. 6d. or 5s, each, with a few exceptions.

IRVING'S WORKS. 17 vols. each 3s. 6d.

THE FOLLOWING IS A SELECTED LIST OF STANDARD WORKS:-
ADDISON'S WORKS. 6 vols. each 3s. 6d.
ANTONINUS, The THOUGHTS of M. AURELIUS.
(LONG'S Translation.) 38. 6d.

ATHLETIC SPORTS, HANDBOOKS of. 8 vols. in special
binding by Selwyn Image, each 3s. 6d.
BACON'S ESSAYS and HISTORICAL WORKS. 3s. 6d.
BACON'S NOVUM ORGANUM, &c. 5s.
BJORNSON'S ARNE and the FISHER LASSIE.
lated by W. H. LOW, M.A. 38. 6d.

JOHNSONS LIVES of the POETS. Edited by Mrs. NAPIER. 3 vols. each 3s. 6d. JOSEPHUS, The WORKS of. New Translation by the Rev. A. R. SHILLETO, M.A. 5 vols. each 3s. 6d. LAMB'S WORKS and LETTERS. 4 vols. each 3s. 6d. LESSING'S LAOKOON, &c. (BEASLEY'S Translation.) 3s. 6d. Trans- LESSING'S DRAMATIC WORKS. 2 vols. each 3s. 6d. LOWNDES' BIBLIOGRAPHER'S MANUAL. 6 vols. each 58. MANZONI'S BETROTHED. (I Promessi Sposi.') 58. 8 vols. MARRYAT'S (Captain) NOVELS and TALES. each 3s. 6d. Illustrated. MICHELET'S HISTORY of the FRENCH REVOLUTION. 3s. 6d.

BOSWELL'S LIFE of JOHNSON and TOUR in the
HEBRIDES, &c. (NAPIER.) 6 vols. each 38. 6d.

BRINK'S (B. TEN) HISTORY of EARLY ENGLISH
LITERATURE. 2 vols. each 3s. 6d.

BURKE'S WORKS and LIFE. 9 vols. each 3s. 6d.

BURNEY'S EVELINA and CECILIA. Edited by Mrs. MIGNET'S HISTORY of the FRENCH REVOLUTION.

ELLIS. 3 vols, each 3s. 6d.

33. 6d.

MOLIÈRE'S DRAMATIC WORKS. 3 vols. Translated by
C. H. WALL. Each 3s. 6d.

NORTH'S LIVES of the NORTHS. Edited by the Rev. A.
JESSOPP, D.D. 3 vols. each 3s. 6d.

PLUTARCH'S LIVES. Translated by STEWART and LONG.
4 vols. each 3s. 6d.

POPE'S HOMER'S ILIAD and ODYSSEY. With all FLAX-
MAN'S Illustrations. 2 vols. each 58.

PROUT'S (Father) RELIQUES. With Etchings by MAC

LISE. 5s.

Translated by E. S.

RACINE'S DRAMATIC WORKS.
BOSWELL. 2 vols. each 3s. 6d.

EMERSON'S WORKS. 3 vols. each 3s. 6d.

EVELYN'S DIARY. With 45 Engravings. 4 vols. each 5s.
EPICTETUS. (LONG's Translation.) 5s.

FIELDING'S NOVELS. Illustrated by Cruikshank.
TOM JONES. 2 vols. 7s. JOSEPH ANDREWS. 3s. 6d. AMELIA.

58.

Translated by R. B.

RICARDO on the PRINCIPLES of POLITICAL ECONOMY and TAXATION. By Professor GONNER. 58.

SCHILLER'S WORKS. 7 vols. each 3s. 6d.

SMITH (ADAM) ON the WEALTH of NATIONS. Edited by E. BELFORT BAX. 2 vols. each 3s. 6d.

GAMES, HANDBOOKS of. Vol. I. Table Games, 3s. 6d. SOUTHEY (ROBERT), The STORY of his LIFE written in

Vol. II. Card Games, 3s. 6d.

GIBBON'S ROMAN EMPIRE. 7 vols. each 3s. 6d.

GIL BLAS. Illustrated by Smirke and Cruikshank. 68.
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GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. 5 vols, each 3s. 6d.
HAWTHORNE'S WORKS. 4 vols. each 3s. 6d.
HAZLITT'S ESSAYS. 7 vols. each 3s. 6d.

HEATON'S CONCISE HISTORY of PAINTING. Edited
by COSMO MONKHOUSE. 5s.

HOOPER'S WATERLOO. New Edition. With Maps and

Plans. 3s. 6d.

his LETTERS. By JOHN DENNIS. 38. 6d.

SPINOZA'S CHIEF WORKS. Edited by R. H. M.

ELWES. 2 vols. each 58.

FULL CATALOGUES POST FREE.

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With New Appendix

Edited by M. BETHAM