handle, directed backwards instead of forwards, which gives us at once the Mysian plough, delineated by Sir Charles Fellows, and copied in Smith's Dictionary, as well as the hooked form which was alluded to in discussing the word Dorsum, and that of which a specimen, engraved from a brass figure in the Jesuits' College at Rome, is contained in Warton's Virgil, 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1753. The latter is accompanied by an attempt, in a note by Spence which it is not worth while to discuss, to connect its parts with Virgil's description. If, on the other hand, a piece of timber were met with, curved so as to form a handle and share-beam in one piece, it would want only the pole, with which to connect it with the yoke, in order to assume the form described in Hobhouse's "Albania," i, 140, also quoted in Smith's Dictionary, and that shewn in one of the plates to Stanhope's Olympia.

Modern scholarship, however, is not so unanimous as represented by Dr. Martyn in interpreting yúns as Dentale; and there is no lack of authority for Mr. Yates's conclusion that yúns was equivalent to Buris, Bura; and eλvua to Dens, Dentale; or indeed for any possible or impossible combination of the Greek and Latin terms, the interpretation of which has been influenced by the mistaken notion as to the form and meaning of Buris. Etymology does not offer us much assistance. Fúns, which also means a certain superficial measure of land, is generally, but I think unsatisfactorily, derived from yaîa, or γῆ. May it not be derived from the same root as γύαλον, a hollow, the connecting idea being a hollow or furrow, formed by the plough-share in marking the boundaries of lands and cities? The latter use of the plough is so familiar as to have given rise to one of the conjectural etymologies given by Vossius for Buris, and alluded to in a note on a previous page, namely, by transposition of letters, from urbis. According to either one or other derivation we obtain no suggestion as to its meaning, except that it formed the principal feature of the implement. If ἔλυμα οι ἕλυμα be derived

from λvw, Damm's Lexicon, by Duncan, edited by Rost (4to. Lips. 1831), translates the verb by curvo, proclino; and illustrates it from Il. ¥. 393, ρvμòs èñì yaîav èλúσoŋ, Temo in terram provolutus et protrusus est, which even more accurately describes the position of our Stiva, curving downward from the hand towards the ground, than that of a chariot pole thrown to the ground by the breaking of the yoke. If, on the other hand, it be from aipéw (root, λw; see Liddell and Scott, s. v. aipéw), to take with the hand, a handle is again the natural meaning of the word. To notice all the authorities I have consulted would be to exceed any reasonable limit of space. Those who wish to pursue the subject further will find ample information (s. v. Túŋs and "Eλvμa) in that vast storehouse of critical learning-Stephani Thesaurus Græcæ Linguæ-the third edition of which (Paris, 8 vols. fol.) is just on the point of completion. The result of the body of criticism there collected is the somewhat unsatisfactory one, that after rendering yúns dentale, it is stated that "locum habet nonnisi “ in aratris αὐτογύοις, minime in πηκτοῖς, in quibus γύης est "buris, dentale eλvua ;" and the authorities as to vμa are summed up by saying-" unde, intelligitur Avμa dici modo "dentale modo buram, utrumque non, ut Buttm. Lex. II. "164, opinabatur, quod terram feriat sed quod terram versus "inclinetur"-a conclusion too like that of the young astronomer who thought to avoid committing himself on the knotty question whether the earth revolves round the sun or the sun. round the earth, by answering "sometimes one and sometimes 66 the other."

A classical friend, on whose judgment I have great reliance, suggests an interpretation, which tends to make the opposing theories somewhat less irreconcilable. He would read yúns as equivalent to Buris, in the sense in which I have interpreted the Latin word—ioroßoeús to Temo,—and eλvua to Dentalethus bringing us round to the translations adopted by Mr. Yates, but with a widely different meaning from that with

which he has used them. According to this reading, the handle is either wholly unmentioned in the passage before us (the word exérλn being elsewhere used by Hesiod to express it), or it is to be considered as forming (either as an outgrowing branch, or as a prolongation backwards in a curve), a part of the share-beam-approximating in that respect to Hobhouse and Stanhope's forms. I incline to the latter view for the etymological reasons above given. It is possible, then, that the distinction between the ǎporpоν пηктóν, and avτoyúοv may have been that the one had, and the other had not, the "duplex dorsum" of Virgil's plough; and our fig. 1 would serve as an illustration to Hesiod, except that an λvμa in the form just suggested should be substituted for the Dentale, ff, and the Stiva, g. This idea receives strong support from a note of the Scholiast on Apollonius, quoted in Stephani Thesaurus, which, in describing the aротρоν πηктóν, says: “Έλυμα δέ ἐστιν ἐν ᾧ ὁ ὕνις ἐντίθεται. Τὸ δέ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐλύματος ξύλον ἐπὶ τοὺς βόας τεῖνον γύης καλεῖται, τὸ δέ ἀπὸ “ τοῦ γύου ἱστοβοεύς.”—“ The ἔλυμα is that in which the share "is inserted the timber extending from the eλvμa towards "the oxen is called the yuns; that from the yons the “ ἱστοβοεύς.”

:

I fear I have wandered too far from my original object in discussing the Greek terms; but I cannot resist the temptation to quote an authority on the Latin ones in Pasor's Index to Hesiod, containing a description, which only wanted a drawing of the Warrington Museum Plough as an illustration, to make it the most intelligible account of the Latin names I have anywhere met with. S.v. avroyúov he says:-"Est pars aratri quod vocatur Dentale: est lignum cui Vomer "includitur. Vomer est qui terram scindit et liras ducit: "Stiva vero est aratri manica." It is only fair, however, after quoting Pasor as an authority, to add that he translates ěλvμa temo, and iσroßoe's stiva, in which I trust I have given ample reason for not agreeing with him.

ON THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF SCHILLER.

By Hermann Baar, Ph. Dr.

[READ 11TH DECEMBER, 1862.]

THERE is not a man in the whole history of her literature of whom Germany is prouder than of Schiller the poet. His great popularity is not limited to his native country, but it extends wherever poetry, truth and noble aspirations are valued as a principal means of raising the greatness of man.

Johann Friedrich Schiller was born on the 10th of November, 1759, in Marbach, a little town belonging to the kingdom of Würtemberg.

The romantic scenery of his native country, Suabia, and the impressions which his noble soul received from his tenderhearted mother, were the first influences which kindled in the boy a fire of inspiration for the good and beautiful, which afterwards shone so resplendent from the radiant mind of our great poet. When six years old, the fond and kind Moser, minister of the Suabian village of Lorch, instructed the boy in the Greek and Latin languages. Schiller speaks later with great affection of his master; nay, he gives him an everlasting monument of remembrance in his first drama, "The Robbers," wherein he introduces him as the kind, conciliatory "Pastor "Moser."

At the removal of Schiller's parents to Ludwigsburg, then the residence of the Duke, the growing boy was placed in the grammar-school of the town, where, under the superintendence of the head master, Jahn, he made considerable progress in all the various branches of knowledge, but particularly in Latin. It seems as if, here, the relationship between master

and pupil was not based on affection, for when, after a while, his scholastic superior received another situation, and Schiller, as the best Latin scholar, was chosen to welcome the newly appointed master "Winter" with some friendly words, it is said that he expressed himself in the significant terms, "We pupils "hope that Winter may favour us with a delightful Spring." When fifteen years old, in 1774, he entered the "KarlsSchule," an Institution which, founded by the worthy Duke Charles Eugène, prepared its pupils gratuitously for all the higher professions of life, Theology excepted. Here he devoted himself to the study of Law; but, finding it too dry and uninteresting for the high and imaginative flow of his soul, he very soon relinquished this study to choose, in preference, the profession of his father, viz., Medicine. About this time Lavater, the celebrated physiognomist, visited the school for the purpose of practising his theories upon the pupils. In doing so, the learned man found all the propensities of a villain upon the noble brow of our embryo Poet.

It is said that the pedantic and narrow-minded discipline of the Karls-Schule, based, as it was, upon military regulations, unfavourably impressed itself upon the youth, and not only tended to make him gauche, stiff and ungraceful in his external appearance, but also laid an early foundation for that grave and melancholy feeling which, in after life, so often pervaded his soul. We do not believe in these assertions; on the contrary, we think that the firm, exact and military tone of the Institution was quite suited to frame and discipline the poetical digressions of his youthful imagination, and to call forth that manly, independent character which, at a later period, ornamented his life; for the very Karls-Schule, which took under her discipline the genius of a Schiller, nurtured, a few years later, under her training influence the artistic skill of a Dannecker and the scientific talent of a Cuvier. In this Institution Schiller pursued his medical