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out so that effective production would be possible; that workmen he compelled to put in a full day's work each day with no interruptions for shaves and batha, that atin t business rules relating to shop conditions and work hours be entured, and that salaries be paid large enough to induce experienced men to accept paltioma me aliop foremen. Special stress was laid upon the recommendation that the produs How all shops be standardized and the number of lines manufactured reduced an na to m a volume output of standardized commodities at a lower shop coat.

POSSIBLE MARKET AND INCREASE IN SALES NECESSARY TO PAY ADEQUATE WATER

The recommendation of the experts who reported on the condition of the aloop industries, that the payment of adequate wages was essential to the remned produr Mon, forced the Committee to find out the possible market for prison made commodifica and estimate the increase in sales necessary to provide the money needed to pay the adequate wages, Careful analysis of the budgets for the heal year you at of the state of New York, the city of New York, and the city of Buffalo alone die bussat a possible market for prison made goods of over $opempeera year, all of which, under the law, those governments could be compelled to pup less from the parlem industries, provided the quantity and quality could be produced. The Committee mulled, the report states, that the whole of this possible market would never be a rullalde A study of the schedules demonstrated, however, that, without adding to the loss of memudar ture recommended in its report for the reorganized prism industries, a matkak keindast larger than would be required to keep every wide beviled and mentally repulda tumanla of the penal institutions of the state comfimumaly employed at production muk The report says:

The graduada paretin of the band rias dasande mm, the extend tu winch, the Sunnadietary perunathila HVATLJI, KAN VA and by tak produk NÅ man Å sammuddhakika uk lawak kipimo ide igrendy the mucier linka kabad id hatuna manchasha in vinh mach spanking wi wariel othes for weld in on merid Likely in early man tying thaith, the Vich levočský giá prandaj LẠ Kimonaten ska kyrkan red, Kim, thattukan Kej windina umfrá Vy & Infillet, kinkid

Tyquda turibay 1pon How much of this paddle marked, wwa madad for the ways than twANA, was $28, ficz), (quarium za zmatike, we found My kumshing

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acts of the legislature passed from time to time over a period of years, with the result that there is considerable overlapping of authority and no clear definition of the responsibilities and duties of many of the officials of the Department, and of the commissions and boards created to assist in the administration of the prison system.

The proposed new organization as outlined in the report is planned upon a functional basis. It is intended to create five separate administrative bureaus in the department at Albany, with corresponding divisions in each of the prison institutions. Each bureau will have charge of a definite function in the administration, so that the lines of authority between the bureaus in the department at Albany and the corresponding divisions in each institution can be absolutely defined and the duties of all officials clearly specified. The relation to the proposed departmental organization of the different commissions and boards, created by the Constitution and by legislation with authority and responsibilities co-ordinate with those of the Superintendent of Prisons, is defined and the functions they were created to perform indicated.

CONCLUSION

It is an ambitious plan that the Prison Survey Committee has mapped out for the government of the state of New York for the reorganization of its prison industries. It involves a great deal of careful constructive work, but it is fundamentally sound and, if properly carried out, will place the prison industries of the state upon an approximate parity with similar successful free industries. There is no good reason why prison industries so organized and effectively administered should not be successfully placed upon a self-supporting and adequate wage-paying basis.

STATE PUBLIC WELFARE PROGRAMS IN RELATION
TO CHILDREN

A. THE ARTICULATION OF SERVICE OF JUVENILE COURTS, COMPUL-
SORY ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR LAWS, TRAINING SCHOOLS,
PLACING AGENCIES, AND OTHER BODIES, UNDER A CONTROLLING
AND DIRECTING STATE DEPARTMENT

Edward N. Clopper, Ph.D., Field Secretary, National Child Labor Committee, Cincinnati It cannot be denied that social workers go their several ways serenely inconsiderate of the relations between their own tasks and those performed by others. We suffer from myopia. We ought to pause at intervals, to put on spectacles with lenses of universal focus and look about us with as clear a view of things on either side as we have of those ahead. Such a general glance indulged in occasionally would make our own interests much clearer to us than they are.

The agency whose position affords the widest prospect of activities carried on for the public welfare, whose interest is least likely to be prejudiced, and whose the relationship among these activities should be the liveliest, is the state. is therefore qualified to oversee and to maintain proper relations among all the operating within its jurisdiction. But in exercising its powers of superintende temptation is strong to take over the work of the private or local public agency in the interest of efficiency and comprehensive performance: how fo go in this direction?

ould the st

It is simply the question of centralization of power in the hands of the state. For whether we conceive of the state's duty as the actual carrying on of welfare work or as limited to the superintending of such work when carried on by private and local public bodies, we come to the one end-in either case the power of the state is increased.

The state is power, and when we turn to it we call that power into action. By invoking its authority we acknowledge its authority. But granting all this, the question ever haunts us: How far shall this go on? However desirable the exercise of state power may be, and there is no doubt as to its desirability, there is a limit to this development. The law of diminishing returns applies to the administrative field as well as to the economic field; for, if in carrying on the business of improving social conditions we invest too heavily in collective power and too meagerly in individual initiative, we shall not enjoy as great a return as would accrue from a better balanced mixture of the two. There is a point in this approach toward centralization of power up to which under modern conditions it would be wise to go and beyond which it would be disastrous to go.

The point is the meeting-place of individual independence on the one hand and of collective control on the other-that ground, as I conceive of it, where the one will remain free to invent, to initiate, to experiment, to demonstrate; and where the other will supplement such activities with a view to covering the field completely, will exercise its powers of restraint to do away with abuses and duplication of effort, and foster the working together of all for the common weal.

The private agency is the stimulating element of social work-the state is the staying element. The one is the outlet for individual energy-the other is the preserver of poise. It is the province of the individual, of the private agency, and of the local community to perform; of the state to keep the balance true.

The greatest social service the state can render is to prevent anti-social conditions. Curiously enough, it is in the welfare field, considering welfare work in its narrow sense of dealing with the handicapped, that the state has signally failed to do preventive work—its service has been curative in the treatment of delinquents, defectives, and dependents-while in other fields it has been trying hard to prevent the evils that beset us: in public health work, to prevent disease; in public education, to prevent ignorance; in public labor control, to prevent exploitation. We shall not get far along the way toward social well-being until the state, the local community, and the private agency join hands in this field also, not merely to relieve the poor, to reform the criminal, and to train the feebleminded, but to thwart the evils of poverty, crime, and unsoundness of mind.

It is the purpose of social work to encourage local effort, and the aim of the state should be identical. There is a happy medium between the excesses of unrestrained individual zeal and the withering influence of paternalism. It is to be found, in my opinion, in that adjustment between individual and collective forces which preserves the originality, initiative, spontaneity, enthusiasm, enterprise, and experimental value of the former, and limits the functions of the latter to supervision, restraint, preventive activities, and so much of standardization as will promote orderly progress without chilling the ardor that achieves. State monopoly of social service would be as bad as private monopoly of necessaries. The local agency and the state should each be free to attend the school of experience and to learn from its own successes and failures, but each should help the other.

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