Natural Philosophy.

Junior and Senior.

(a) CHEMISTRY; (b) PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY; (c) STATICS, DYNAMICS, AND HYDROSTATICS EXPERIMENTALLY TREATED; (d) THE EXPERIMENTAL LAWS OF HEAT; (e) ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM; (f) ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY; (g) ZOOLOGY; (h) BOTANY; (k) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Junior Students will only be examined in three of the subjects (a), (b), (c), (d), (g), (h). Senior Students will only be examined in three of the subjects (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (ƒ), (g), (k).

NOTE.-(b) cannot be taken with (a), nor (g), nor (k), without (ƒ).

(a)

1. Describe the properties of sulphur, and its allotropic modifications.

2. How is hydrosulphuric acid made? How does it chemically resemble and differ from water? How is H2S detected?

3. Give a clear account of the method by which H2SO is made. Describe experiments which show its oxidising properties.

(b)

4. Explain what is meant by a "group reagent," and give examples of such.

5. How would you test for silver?

6. Give the various tests for mercurous and mercuric salts. Show by equations the reactions occurring in each case.

(c)

7. Explain the difference between a force pump and a lift pump. If the barrel of a lift pump has an internal sectional area of six square inches, and the surface of the water in the tank is 100 feet above that of the water in the well, what is the least force required to raise the piston?

8. How would you compare the specific gravities of two liquids, (i) by the common hydrometer, (ii) by Nicholson's hydrometer?

9. A lump of metal of specific gravity 9.3 floats partly in oil of specific gravity 9 and partly in mercury of specific gravity 13.5, what portion of its volume is in each?

10. Describe an air-pump and a condenser, and find the density in the receiver after n descents of the piston. the air-pump can never produce a perfect vacuum.

(d)

Show that

11. What processes are employed for the artificial production of cold?

12. Give the laws of the radiation of heat, mentioning experiments by which they may be proved to be true, as well as reasons founded on geometry which lead to the same results as the experiments.

13. How may the amount of moisture in the air be ascertained? When is air said to be saturated with moisture? In such a case what would be the effect of a rise or fall of temperature, (i) if no water be present, (ii) in the presence of water?

14. What is meant by the mechanical equivalent of heat, and how may it be ascertained?

To what temperature would the work expended in lifting eleven stone up 14,000 feet raise five cubic feet of water from 0°C.

(e)

15. Of what character is the force exerted between (i) two straight and parallel voltaic conductors, (ii) a straight conductor and a pole of a magnet?

Give figures of the apparatus required to exhibit the effects of these forces.

16. What arrangements are required for the formation of powerful electro magnets? What discoveries have been made by their use?

17. State as briefly as possible what is meant by the terms "Magnetic meridian,' Agonic Line," "Aclinic Line.

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18. How may the intensities of the earth's magnetism at different places be compared? State how the principle involved above may be applied to the determination of the laws of magnetic attraction. Give an example.

(f)

19. Compare the reproductive organs of a fern and a bean. What do you understand by saying the bean is a perfect flower"?

20. Explain how differentiation of organs in a bean plant has led to a division of labour between the cells which was carried on by one cell in Protococcus.

(g)

21. Write out in a tabular form a classification of the Insecta and Arachnida.

22. Describe the structure by which a leech sucks.

23. State what you know about the Edentata.

24. Contrast the structure of the Elephant with that of the Rhinoceros, and give a short account of their varieties and geographical distribution.

(h)

25. Compare and contrast a primrose and a buttercup, stating in each case the characters by which they are classified.

26. Draw a floral diagram, from observation of the flowers, of three flowers belonging to the sub-class Corolliflora.

27. Describe minutely and compare the gynoecium in Scrophulariacea and Labiatæ, and give the characters of these two orders.

28. Describe in botanical language, from observation, the flowers of a Dead Nettle, Ground Ivy, Veronica, and Periwinkle.

(k)

29. What areas are affected by the Trade winds? Explain their causes. How would they be altered by an increase in the

earth's rate of rotation?

30. How are the results of denudation by glacial action to be distinguished from those by river action?

31. Describe how springs are ordinarily formed. State why they sometimes have substances in solution, giving examples:

32. What wind oftenest brings rain to England, and for what cause? Draw a map showing the variation in rainfall in different parts of England and Wales, and explain why some areas thus have a greater annual rainfall than others.

Science.

Higher Local.

(a) ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, AND BIOLOGY; (b) CHEMISTRY; (c) PHYSICS; (d) BOTANY; (e) ZOOLOGY; (ƒ) PHYSIOLOGY; (g) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.

All Students are expected to satisfy the Examiners in (a) and in one at least of the subjects (b) to (g). No Student will be examined in more than three of the subjects (b) to (g) in one year.

(a)

1. Give an account of the chemical composition and of the uses in commerce of the alums.

2. What are the chief salts of Magnesium, and how are they recognised in solution?

3. Describe the chemical properties of Iron, and explain what is meant by "ferrous" and "ferric" salts.

4. State clearly the laws of Refraction of Light, and explain the terms angle of incidence, angle of refraction, index of refrac

tion.

5. Show at what angle a ray must be incident on a plane reflecting surface in order that the reflected ray may make a right angle with the incident ray.

6. Explain the following characteristics of Amphibia with reference to the Frog :

"The heart consists of a sinus venosus, two auricles, a ventricle, and a muscular conus arteriosus, with an incomplete longitudinal valvular septum ; there are never fewer than two pairs of aortic arches; a reni-portal system is present."

7. What do you understand by cutaneous respiration, external branchia, atrophy of gills, branchial clefts, and an opercular mem_ brane?

(b) `

8. What do you understand by a primary alcohol?

Illustrate your answer by reference to Ethyl Alcohol?

9. Explain the constitution and method of formation of the fatty acids. How are acetic, oxalic, and tartaric acids prepared,

and how do the two latter behave when heated?

10. Give an account of the chief cyanogen compounds.

11. Describe fully the chemistry of the processes of saponification and fermentation.

(c)

12. Give briefly the chief laws of the Reflection of Light. Explain the term Aberration of Light.

13. A ray is incident on a plane surface which separates a medium from vacuum at an angle of 30°, and the angle of refraction is 90°; find the index of refraction and trace the course of the ray.

14. A ray of light can just be made to pass through a prism whose refracting angle is 75°; find the refractive index of the prism.

15. Prove that the focal length is positive if the lens is thinnest in the middle.

(d)

16. Give the characters which distinguish the following groups of plants, naming three examples of each :-Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, Thalamifloræ, Calycifloræ, Corollifloræ, and Incompleta.

17. Draw up a table, showing the connections, distinctions, and most marked characteristics of plants belonging to these Natural Orders :-Ranunculaceae, Cruciferæ, Caryophyllaceæ, Leguminosa, Rosacea, Umberliferæ, Compositæ, Labiatæ, and Scrophulariaceæ.

18. Distinguish between a Grass, an Arum, a Lily, a Sedge, a Rush, and an Orchid, describing minutely a flower of each of the three first.