Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB
[blocks in formation]

Being, who is privy to all his motions and all his thoughts, who knows his "downsitting and his uprising, who is about his path, and about his bed, and spieth out all his ways." In a word, he remembers that the eye of his Judge is always upon him, and in every action he reflects that he is doing what is commanded or allowed by Him, who will hereafter either reward or punish it. This was the character of those holy men of old, who in that beautiful phrase of Scripture are said to have "walked with God." Addison.

This was said before of Enoch; and it denotes that general and habitual course of religion and piety which he led not only in preaching righteousness to the old world, but in preaching it on every occasion in his own life and conversation: as a light and example, as well as an instructor to others. In a word, it denotes that uniform obedience, which we all promise in our holy vow at Baptism, and almost in the same words, "the keeping of God's holy will and commandments, and walking in the same all the days of our life." Wogan.

11. The earth also was corrupt] It is remarkable that our Lord, speaking of this generation, chiefly insists upon their carnality, or worldly-mindedness, as the door at which all other abominations entered. "In the days of Noah," says he, "they were eating and drinking, marrying, and giving in marriage" thereby intimating, that when we see a people wholly immersed in the cares of the world, and the pleasures of sense, regardless of that heavenly country to which they are travelling, it is a sure sign of approaching destruction. So was it in the days of Noah: so was it in the days of Lot: and so shall it be in the days of the Son of Man. Let every reader of this examine his own heart in this particular, and take heed lest at any time it "be overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness and cares of this life, and so that day," the day either of particular or general judgment, "come upon him unawares." Bp. Horne.

violence.] Cruelty, and outrage, and injustice of every kind. Men were corrupt, that is, irreligious towards God; and unjust to one another. Bp. Kidder.

Uncleanness, covetousness, and oppression were the special causes which occasioned the flood. Bp. Latimer. In the period between the creation of the world and the flood, all mankind had, or might have had, a perfect knowledge of the will of God, and of their duty, had it not been their own fault: for Methuselah lived with Adam two hundred and forty-three years, and with Noah six hundred so that no man needed to want information of the creation, &c. that had a mind to be informed. Bp. Wilson.

12. And God looked upon the earth,] The hundred and twenty years, allowed by God for mankind to repent, now drawing to an end, God is represented, as if in a special manner He "looked upon the earth" to see what use mankind had made of his gracious forbearance. Dr. Wells.

13. — The end of all flesh is come before me ;] I am determined to make an end of, that is to destroy, all mankind shortly. Bp. Patrick.

Very many methods of mercy having been employed

The order,

Before CHRIST

for the earth is filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will 2448. destroy them || with the earth.

| Or, from

14¶ Make thee an ark of gopher- the earth. wood; + rooms shalt thou make in the † Heb, nests, ark, and shall pitch it within and without with pitch.

15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of

by God for the recovery of mankind, and especially "in the days, that his long-suffering waited, while the ark was a preparing," they amply vindicate the ways of God with man, and justify his severity in "bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly," which neither his restraints, nor rewards, nor all the monitions and exhortations of his Prophets, added to his own declarations, institutions, inflictions, and denunciations of vengeance could reclaim, in the course of many preceding centuries.

Other living creatures, it is true, were not culpable in this manner. They all answered the end of their production, and man was the only rebel against his Maker. But as, in an universal deluge, it was impossible to preserve them alive without a miracle: so having in some measure been made instrumental to man's wickedness, innocent though they were, they were all to be destroyed, in order to evince the malignity of sin, and God's abhorrence of it. For the great end of his Providence in sending the deluge was not so much to "ease Himself of his adversaries," as to leave a perpetual monument of his unrelenting severity; that thereby He might deter future ages from the like provocations. For this is the inference which the Apostle draws from all his judgments of old: "If God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell; if He spared not the old world, but brought in a flood upon the ungodly; if He turned the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah into ashes, and condemned them with an overthrow; these are an example unto those, that after shall live ungodly, that," however they may escape in this life, "He hath reserved the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished," 2 Pet. ii. 4, &c. Stackhouse.

14. Make thee an ark] This vessel was not made in the form of one of our ships or boats, sharp forward, and at the bottom to cut the waves, but broad at the ends, like a chest, and flat at the bottom, with a cover or a roof. Bp. Patrick, Dr. Wells.

The Hebrew word, which we render ark, occurs only here, and in another place, where Moses, when an infant, is said to have been put into one made of bulrushes, Exod. ii. 3. It is supposed to come from a root, which signifies to dwell or inhabit, and may therefore here denote a house or place of abode. Stackhouse.

-gopher-wood;] Probably cypress; which abounded in Babylonia, and was a durable timber fit for shipbuilding. The bitumen also, with which the ark was pitched both inside and outside, abounded in Babylonia, which probably was the country of Noah's residence ; not far, we may presume, from the original settlement of Adam's family, in the neighbourhood of Eden, after the fall. Dr. Hales.

rooms shalt thou make] Little cabins or cells, to sever the beasts from the birds; the clean beasts from the unclean; and to preserve their several kinds of food. Bp. Patrick.

15. And this is the fashion &c.] When one sees with what unconcernedness Moses relates the dimensions of the ark, which at first view seems too little for such a number of creatures and provisions as it was to hold;

form, and end

Before CHRIST 2448.

CHAP. VI.

the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.

16 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it.

17 And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and this without explaining himself, whereas a writer of his own head would have taken pains to obviate difficulties and explain them;-this is a sure proof that Moses wrote just as he was inspired to write; and afterages, notwithstanding all objections of infidels, have found all most agreeable to truth and the reason of things. Bp. Wilson.

:

The length of the ark &c.] The dimensions of the ark were 300 cubits in length, 50 in breadth, and 30 in height and it consisted of three stories or floors. Reckoning the cubit at 18 inches, it must have been of the burden of 42,413 tons. A first-rate man of war is between 2200 and 2300 tons; and consequently the ark had the capacity or stowage of 18 such ships, the largest in present use, and might carry 20,000 men with provisions for six months, besides the weight of 1800 cannons and of all military stores. It was then by much the largest ship ever built. Can we doubt of its being sufficient to contain eight persons, and about 200 or 250 pair of four-footed animals; (a number to which, according to Buffon, all the various distinct species may be reduced;) together with all the subsistence necessary for a twelvemonth? Dr. Hales.

cubits.] The Hebrews made use of three sorts of cubits: 1. The common cubit, which was about one foot and a half of our measure. 2. The sacred cubit, which was a hand's-breadth more than the common cubit. 3. The geometrical cubit, which was about nine feet. The ark is to be measured by the common cubit. The standard of the common cubit was that part of a man's arm which reaches from the bend of the elbow to the point of the middle finger. If we think the stature of mankind in Moses' time larger than it is now, we may suppose the common cubit something larger than we shall now compute it: if not, the strict measure of the ark will be, length 450 feet, breadth 75, height 45: and the best writers generally agree, that the common stature of mankind has always been much the same that it now is. Shuckford.

16. A window shalt thou make] To let in light to the several apartments. For which purpose should we conceive that one great window might be contrived so as to be sufficient, that would not exclude many little ones, here and there, for greater convenience. Bp. Patrick. -and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above;] It, that is, the ark; which was covered with a roof, raised a | cubit high in the middle to carry off the rain. Stackhouse.

with lower, second, and third stories] The lower story was probably for the greater beasts; the second for stowage of provisions; the third for Noah's family, and the fowls, and perhaps some of the smaller creatures. Bp. Kidder.

17. And, behold I, even I, do bring a flood of waters &c.] That is, all creatures, shall unavoidably be swept away; for I myself will bring a deluge upon them: not

and every thing that is in the earth shall die.

18 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee.

19 And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.

20 Of fowls after their kind, and

of the ark.

Before CHRIST 2448.

an ordinary flood; but one, of which I will appear to be the author. Bp. Patrick.

If we take the circuit of the globe, and inquire of the inhabitants of every climate, we shall find, that the fame of this deluge is gone through the earth; and that in every part of the known world there are certain records and traditions of it: that the Americans acknowledge and speak of it in their continent; that the Chinese, who are the most distant people in Asia, have the tradition of it; that the several nations of Africa tell various stories concerning it; and that in the European parts the flood of Deucalion is the same with that of Noah, only related with some disguise. So that we may trace the deluge quite round the globe; and, what is more remarkable still, every one of these people has a tale to tell, some one way, some another, concerning the restoration of mankind, which is a full proof, that they thought all mankind was once destroyed in that deluge. Stackhouse.

18.—with thee will I establish my covenant;] Either the promise to preserve him and his family in the ark; or the covenant concerning the promised Seed of the woman. Bp. Patrick.

66

Although this is the first place, where a covenant" is expressly mentioned in Scripture, it appears, from the form of words here used, to have subsisted before. It is not said, a covenant, but "my covenant will I establish with thee;" plainly referring to the same covenant, which God had made with Adam. As if God had said, "I do not revoke my covenant made with Adam, notwithstanding it hath, on man's part, been so grievously infringed: but I establish and confirm it to thee, and to all that shall descend from thee." The covenant, here spoken of, is not the first, but the second covenant; not the covenant of works, but that of grace and mercy, by which we are now saved, even the gospel of peace, and grand charter of our salvation: the person, spoken to, was Noah, not in his private capacity only, but in his publick character, as a second Adam, the head and representative of all mankind, and so the type and figure of Christ, the new man, who was to restore to the world that life which had been lost by the first: and the benefit, thus renewed and confirmed, was to extend to his posterity, to "him, and his sons, and his seed after him." Consequently as the grant is general, and without any limitation or reservation whatsoever, except what necessarily results from the nature of the covenant itself, namely, the terms and conditions on our part; and as God has likewise in the Gospel declared, that "He would have all men to be saved;" the miscarriage of no one soul can justly be imputed to Him; on his part of the covenant He has never failed, and never will: the default is wholly on the side of men, who reject the covenant when it is offered to them, or neglect the terms of it, and so forfeit the benefit. Wogan.

[merged small][ocr errors]

- two of every sort] Not that there shall be but

Noah, with his family,

Before CHRIST

2448.

c Heb. 11. 7.

2349.

a 2 Pet. 2. 5.

GENESIS.

[blocks in formation]

1 Noah, with his family, and the living crea-
tures, enter into the ark. 17 The beginning,
increase, and continuance of the flood.

ND the LORD said unto Noah,

and the living creatures,

take to thee by sevens, the male
and his female: and of beasts that
are not clean by two, the male and
his female.

3 Of fowls also of the air by sevens,
the male and the female; to keep
seed alive upon the face of all the
earth.

Before CHRIST 2349.

+ Heb. seven

seven.

4 For yet seven days, and I will
cause it to rain upon the earth forty
days and forty nights; and every liv-
ing substance that I have made will
It destroy from off the face of the Heb. blot
earth.

5 And Noah did according unto all
that the LORD commanded him.
6 And Noah was six hundred years

A Comete a Londaith y house into old when the flood of waters was upon

the ark; for thee have I seen righ-
teous before me in this generation.

2 Of every clean beast thou shalt

two of any sort, (compare_chap. vii. ver. 2,) but there must be two at least, namely, male and female, of every kind, ver. 20. Bp. Kidder.

20.-two of every sort shall come unto thee,] In the foregoing verse He had said, "two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark." Which Noah might think impossible; for how should he get them all together? Therefore it is here explained in these words, they "shall come unto thee;" by the care of God, who made them, and moved them to it. Bp. Patrick.

the earth.

7¶ And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons'

out.

have of what happened in the days of his own father and grandfather; or as any man can have of what happened sixty years ago: for Lamech, Noah's father, had conversed with Adam fifty-six years. Bp. Wilson.

Ver. 1.-for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation.] Thee only have I found, in this corrupt and depraved age, free from the common infection of wickedness, and sincere-hearted towards me. Bp. Hall.

2. Of every clean beast] The distinction between beasts that were clean and unclean being made by the law, has given some a colour to imagine, that Moses wrote this book, after his coming out of Egypt, and receiving of the law. But though with respect to man's food, the distinction between clean and unclean was not before the law, yet some were accounted fit for sacrifices, and others unfit, from the very first beginning; and then, unclean beasts in this place must denote such as are rapacious, which were not to be offered to God. In short, since the rite of sacrificing was before the flood, we may well suppose that this distinction also was be

22. Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, &c.] The Apostle to the Hebrews, chap. xi. 7, mentions Noah's building the ark, as an heroick act of faith: "By faith, Noah being warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, prepared an ark, to the saving of his house; by the which he condemned the world, and became heir of the righteousness which is by faith." For, we may well imagine that this work of his was not only costly and laborious, but esteemed by the generality very foolish and ridiculous; especially when they saw all things continue in the same posture and safety, for so many scores of years together. Stack-fore it: and we may suppose farther, that, as the rite house.

The conduct of the patriarch upon this occasion shews us what ours ought to be in like circumstances. "According to all that God commanded him, so did he." Being once well assured, upon good and sufficient evidence, what the will of God is, we should suffer no appearances of things, or opinions of men, to discourage and prevent us from accomplishing it, to the utmost of our ability. The only question to be asked is-Hath God spoken it? This being resolved in the affirmative, | the soul is to rest on his word and promise, as an anchor sure and stedfast, from which she should never suffer herself to be parted by all the doubts, difficulties, and objections in the world. In simplicity and godly sincerity let her do what she is commanded to do, waiting with patience the appointed time; and in the end God will be found true, though all men are liars. Bp. Horne.

Noah built the ark and laid up provisions for all creatures, as here directed, when the hundred and twenty years drew towards an end. Bp. Patrick.

Chap. VII. Noah had as perfect an account of whatever had happened since the Creation, as any man can

was undoubtedly of God's institution, so the difference of clean and unclean creatures to be sacrificed, was of his appointment likewise. Bp. Patrick, Stackhouse.

Many things, established afterwards in the law of Moses, obtained before that law, and were generally practised by the worshippers of God; for example: sacrifices, (chap. iv. 3, 4; viii. 20; xiii. 18,) the paying of tithe, (chap. xiv. 20,) circumcision, (chap. xvii. 11,) the right of primogeniture, (chap. xxv. 33,) making vows, (chap. xxviii. 20; xxxi. 13,) marrying the brother's wife, (chap. xxxviii. 8.) And some of those things, which Moses forbad, were forbidden before his law: as the eating of blood, and murder, which was a capital crime before the law, (chap. ix. 4, 6.) And there is no doubt, but the difference of clean and unclean beasts, with respect to sacrifice, was known and observed before the Law of Moses, and before the Flood. Kidder.

Bp.

by sevens,] Seven couple, most probably; that they might have sufficient for sacrifice when they came out of the ark; and if need were, for food, if other provision did not hold out at least for food after the flood, when God enlarged their former grant, chap. ix. 3. Bp. Patrick.

enter into the ark.

Before

CHRIST 2349.

Or, on the seventh day.

|| Or, floodgates.

CHAP. VII.

wives with him, into the ark, be- | cause of the waters of the flood.

8 Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of every thing that creepeth upon the earth,

9 There went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noah.

10 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.

11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the || windows of heaven were opened.

12 And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights.

13 In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark;

The beginning of the flood.

14 They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. +

15 And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.

16 And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the LORD shut him in.

17 And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the waters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lift up above the earth.

18 And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters.

19 And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.

20 Fifteen cubits upward did the

Before CHRIST 2349.

+ Heb. wing.

those, that might else have broken in upon him. Bp. Kidder.

11.—were all the fountains of the great deep broken up,] By "the great deep" is meant those waters that are contained in vast quantities within the bowels of the 17, 18. And the flood &c.] At the end of forty days earth which by some cause unknown to us were now the waters were come just high enough to lift the ark made suddenly to gush out at several parts of the earth, | from the ground; and afterwards increased so far as to where they either found or made a vent: the waters of carry it freely up and down, as the waves drove it. the sea likewise at the same time breaking in upon the Pyle. land. Bp. Patrick, Dr. Wells.

and the windows of heaven were opened.] By this must be understood the causing of the waters, which were suspended in the clouds, to fall upon the earth, not in ordinary showers, but in floods, or (as the Seventy translate it) in cataracts; of which travellers may have the truest notion, who have seen those prodigious falls of water, so frequent in the Indies, where the clouds many times do not break into drops, but fall with a terrible violence in a torrent. Bp. Patrick, Stackhouse.

In the Scriptures, the heavens are said to be "opened" when it rains, and "shut" when rain is withholden, and the like. The original word here does not signify windows, according to the modern idea; but rather clefts, fissures, passages; these were opened, the clouds were rent, as we say. The waters, rising from beneath, met the rains descending from above; and uniting their forces, they deluged the world. Bp. Horne.

Some are puzzled to find water enough to form an universal deluge: to assist their endeavours it may be remarked, that was all that precipitated, which is dissolved in the air, it might probably be sufficient to cover the surface of the whole earth to the depth of above thirty feet.. Bp. Watson.

12. And the rain was upon the earth forty days &c.] It continued raining so long without any intermission. Bp. Patrick.

16.—and the Lord shut him in.] God, probably by the ministry of an angel, fastened and secured the door of the ark, into which Noah was entered, from the danger of the waters, as well as against the attempts of

19. all the high hills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered.] These words, and other passages, which say, that "all flesh died," ver. 21, prove the flood to have been universal. The truth is, there is every reason to suppose that the world was, at the least, full as well peopled as it is now; perhaps much more so: and that to destroy its inhabitants, the inundation must have fallen upon every quarter, and encompassed the whole globe. Bp. Patrick, Stackhouse.

20. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail ;] That is, about twenty-two feet and a half above the mountains. Whereas Moses assures us, that the waters prevailed fifteen cubits above the highest mountains, let the mountains themselves be appealed to for the truth of this assertion. Examine the highest eminences of the earth, and they all with one accord, produce the spoils of the ocean, deposited upon them on that occasion; the shells and skeletons of sea-fish and seamonsters of all kinds. The Alps, the Apennines, the Pyrennees, the Andes, the Atlas, and Ararat, every mountain of every region under heaven, from Japan to Mexico, all conspire in one uniform universal proof, that they all had the sea spread over their highest summits. Search the earth, and you will find the Moose-deer, natives of America, buried in Ireland; Elephants, natives of Asia and Africa, buried in the midst of England; Crocodiles, natives of the Nile, in the heart of Germany; shell-fish, never known in any but the American seas, together with entire skeletons of whales, in divers other countries; and, what is more, trees and plants of various kinds, which are not known to grow in any region under heaven. All which are

The continuance of the flood.

Before CHRIST 2349.

b Wisd. 10. 4.

[blocks in formation]

waters prevail; and the mountains AND God remembered Noah, and

were covered.

21 And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man:

22 All in whose nostrils was the +breath of life, of all that was in the spirit of life. dry land, died.

+ Heb. the breath of the

23 And every living substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed e Wisd. 10. 4. from the earth: and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark.

2 Pet. 2. 5.

24 And the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred and fifty days.

[blocks in formation]

a perfect demonstration, that Moses's account of the deluge is incontestably true. Stackhouse.

the mountains were covered.] It appears upon examination that the highest mountain in the world is not more than four miles perpendicular. Bp. Stillingfleet. 21. And all flesh died] If God spared not the old world, but saved Noah, a preacher of righteousness, &c. the Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished," 2 Pet. ii. 4, &c.

"As it was in the days of Noah," saith our Saviour, so shall sinners be surprised in the midst of their security. Consider here, what was the consequence of a forgetfulness of God, a contempt of his Laws, an abuse of his patience, and the turning of a deaf ear to the preachers of righteousness: a whole world of sinners, surprised by death and judgment, in the midst of the greatest security! Whether something like this is not the case of too many Christians, when death surprises them, is worthy of the consideration of every one who reads this history. Bp. Wilson.

Chap. VIII. ver. 1. And God remembered Noah,] This is spoken of God after the manner of men. The meaning is, that God shewed his care of Noah. We are said to remember that which we take care of. God is said to " remember," when He relieves and shews mercy, Heb. vi. 10; Ps. cxxxvi. 23. Bp. Kidder.

He remembered the promise He had made to Noah, of preserving him, and all that were with him in the ark. Dr. Wells.

and God made a wind to pass over the earth,] Which by degrees drove back the waters into the several channels and caverns, whence they had broken out. Pyle.

4.-upon the mountains of Ararat.] That is, upon one of the mountains; as chap. xix. 29. "God overthrew the cities in which Lot dwelt" that is, in one of which

every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark: and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters asswaged;

2 The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained;

+

Before CHRIST 2349.

3 And the waters returned from off the earth + continually and after the ↑ Heb. in end of the hundred and fifty days the going and waters were abated.

4 And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat.

returning.

[blocks in formation]

he dwelt, Judg. xii. 7. "Jephthah was buried in the cities of Gilead;" that is, in one of the cities. Bp. Patrick.

Mount Ararat, according to Major Rennell's excellent map of the ancient Persian empire, (Geogr. of Herodotus, p. 229,) lies in 39° 30′ North lat. and 40° 30′ East long. nearly in the middle of the vast ridge of Taurus, that stony girdle encompassing the earth," as aptly described by the Arabian geographers, which runs eastward from Cilicia, through the whole extent of Asia; for Ararat lies nearly midway between the southern extremities of the Euxine and Caspian seas. Dr. Hales.

The Persians call mount Ararat Asis, or the happy mountain, on account of the choice which God made of it, to serve as a port for Noah's ark. The Armenians maintain by tradition, that, since Noah, no one has been able to climb this mountain, because it is perpetually covered with snow, which never melts, but to make room for some newly fallen: that Noah, when he left the ark, settled at Erivan, twelve leagues from Ararat; and that at a league from this city, in a very happy aspect, this Patriarch planted a vine, in a place where at present there is excellent wine made. Calmet.

5. were the tops of the mountains seen.] The ark by its weight settled on mount Ararat, while the top of the mountain, where it rested, was covered with water, and that several cubits high: so that the top of this mountain might not appear much before the tops of the other mountains. That the top of it was higher than the neighbouring ones, is probable from the ark's settling upon it. Bp. Patrick, Dr. Wells.

6.-window] Or, casement. It is not the same word, which is used chap. vi. 16. And most probably, (by comparing the word used here by the Chaldee, with Dan. vi. 10,) it is to be understood of some shut or casement; which, being easily removed, gave a prospect abroad, as well as a passage out for the raven, and

« AnteriorContinuar »