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The plague of

Before CHRIST

1491.

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17 As yet exaltest thou thyself | LORD among the servants of Pharaoh against my people, that thou wilt not made his servants and his cattle flee let them go? into the houses:

18 Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now,

19 Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.

20 He that feared the word of the

God, to be a more remarkable example; not that he was born to be brought to ruin. Shuckford.

We see then, that when God says, He raised up Pharaoh for this cause, that He might magnify his Power and Glory in his punishment, He does not mean that He made him either a man or a king with such a view; but that He preserved him from the fatal stroke of former visitations, that he did not expire under them, but his life was prolonged for further trials and exercises of the same kind, And this sort of dealing is very consistent with all the parts of the Divine character. It is agreeable to the Patience and Longsuffering of God, that He should reprieve sinners from death, and not presently make a full end of them, but give them repeated calls, and large time and space for repentance. It is agreeable to his mercy, that correction should be given them, in order to prevent their final perdition; and that others should be warned by their sufferings to take heed that they provoke not God by the like sins, It is agreeable to the justice of God, sometimes, to make an example of a sinner, that the world may see his hand in the government of it, and that no one may promise himself impunity in the commission of sin. Lastly, it is agreeable to his Holiness, for He hereby declares, that He "is of purer eyes than to behold iniquity" without disapprobation and abhorrence. Reading. 18.1 will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, &c.] This judgment was equally significant and proper with the foregoing. It was foretold to Pharaoh by Moses, that on the very next morning there should be a grievous rain, attended with hail and thunder. This must have been a circumstance of all others the most incredible to an Egyptian. For in Egypt there fell no rain; the want of which was supplied by dews, and by the overflowing of the Nile. At least it is certain, that, allowing for occasional showers in some parts, no country upon earth, to which we have access, has so little rain as Egypt; and particularly the upper part of it, The Egyptians therefore must have perceived themselves particularly aimed at in these fearful events, so contrary to all experience. For they were witnesses to not only deluges of rain, but hail mingled with rain; and these attended with thunder and fire, to their great amazement. Now the Egyptians were superstitious above all people upon earth. They were particularly addicted to the observance of portentous appearances. Every uncommon circumstance was esteemed of this class. But as these were imaginary portents, which arose merely from a superstitious dread, it pleased God to punish their blind credulity by bringing upon them some real prodigies; some preternatural evils, to which

Before CHRIST 1491.

not his heart

21 And he that regarded not the + Heb. set word of the LORD left his servants unto. and his cattle in the field.

22 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.

23 And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire

they had never been witness. Such was the rain, and hail, and fire, which ran on the ground, to their great amazement and ruin. Its coming was determinately foretold; nor could all the deities of Egypt prevent its fearful effects. Those of the people, who took warning, were preserved: but all, who neglected the caution, and who did not shelter themselves, were, with their cattle, destroyed.

There seems further a great fitness and propriety in the Egyptians being punished by fire, and by water: as they were guilty of gross idolatry towards these elements, and adored them as deities. Bryant.

Hail in some countries is a very common production of the atmosphere: in Egypt it is rare, because the sultry nature of the climate does not permit its formation." We see then a threefold interference of Providence in this miracle; 1st, That hail should be formed, 2dly, That it should happen to morrow, at a time prefixed: no human power being able to direct the atmosphere to this or any other effect. 3dly, That in a certain district these occurrences did not take place. Script. illust.

since the foundation thereof] Since it was an inhabited country. Bp. Patrick.

19. Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, &c.] In the midst of judgment God remembered mercy; and gave a gracious warning to the Egyptians to avoid, if they chose, the threatened calamity. Dr. Hales, It appears that there were some persons in Pharaoh's court better disposed than himself; and that for their sake God gives this warning of their danger, that they may avoid it. Bp. Patrick.

The cattle of the Egyptians in the field had been destroyed by the foregoing plague of murrain, ver. 6. But they might have recruited their stock from the land of Goshen, where "not one of the cattle of the children of Israel died." This justifies the supposition, that there was some respite or interval between the several plagues, so that the whole may have taken up about a quarter of a year. That the warning in this case was respected by many of the Egyptians, we may infer from the number of chariots and horsemen, that went in pursuit of the Israelites afterwards. Dr. Hales.

22, every herb of the field,] All of the vegetable kind, comprehending trees. Bp. Patrick.

23.-thunder and hail, and the fire] In this tremendous plague, the united elements of air, water, and fire were employed to terrify and punish the Egyptians, by their principal divinities. Dr. Hales. All jointly demonstrating and proclaiming, that the God of Israel was the God of nature. Stackhouse.

The hail sent.

Before CHRIST 1491.

EXODUS.

ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.

24 So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.

25 And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.

26 Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.

27 And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the

27. And Pharaoh sent, and called &c.] The duration of this miracle is remarkable. Usually hail storms last but a little time: but this storm lasted long enough to terrify Pharaoh, and to induce him to intreat its suppression. In proportion to the infrequency of this kind of storm must have been the terrour, which it infused into Pharaoh: and this terrour must have been proportionately increased by the continuance of the storm. Script. illust.

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-I have sinned this time:] The meaning is not, that he had not sinned before: but he says, I now acknowledge my offence, and the justice of God in punishing the wickedness of me and of my people:" which confession does not argue any religious tenderness of heart, but was extorted by the excessive alarm which possessed him at the moment. Bp. Patrick.

Good thoughts pass rapidly through carnal hearts; they can never settle there. Who would think it possible, that any soul could be so secure in the midst of such variety and frequency of judgments? These very plagues are not more wonderful than their want of success. To what a height of obduracy will sin lead a man; and, of all sins, incredulity! During all these storms Pharaoh sleepeth, till the voice of God's mighty thunder, and hail mixed with fire, roused him up a little. Now, as between sleeping and waking, he starts up and says, "God is righteous; I am wicked; Moses, pray for us," and presently lays down his head again. God hath no sooner done thundering, than he hath done fearing. All this while we never find him careful to prevent any one evil, but desirous still to shift it off, when he feels it; he never holds constant to any good motion; never prays for himself, but carelessly wills Moses and Aaron to pray for him; never yields God his whole demand, but endeavours to satisfy Him by the least concession: first, "They shall not go;" then, "Go and sacrifice, but in Egypt: next, Go, sacrifice in the wilderness, but not far off;" after, Go ye that are men;" then," Go you and your children only;" at last, "Go all, save your sheep and cattle." Wheresoever mere nature is, she is still improvident of future good, sensible of present evil, inconstant in good purposes; unable, through unacquaintance, and unwilling to speak for herself; niggardly in her grants, and uncheerful. Bp. Hall.

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29.-I will spread abroad my hands] This was an

Pharaoh sueth to Moses,

Before

LORD is righteous, and I and my CHRIST people are wicked.

1491.

28 Intreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and Hb. vices I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.

29 And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail ; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD'S.

c

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of God.

c Ps. 24. 1.

ancient posture of supplication in all nations. Bp. Patrick.

31.—the flax and the barley was smitten:] This is by no means trivial, but of great moment. The Egyptians were doomed to undergo many terrours, and, beside these, to suffer no small losses. Scarcely any thing could have distressed them more than the ruin of the former article. The Egyptians above all nations affected outward purity and cleanliness. On this account the whole nation wore linen garments; and priests never put on any other kind of clothing. This linen was manufactured from that fine flax, for which the country was particularly famous. The flax and linen of Egypt were also in great request in other countries; and though the Egyptians did not themselves trade abroad, yet they suffered other nations to come to them. Hence the demolition of their flax was attended with great inconvenience, and must have proved a heavy loss; so that this judgment particularly affected this people above all other nations; and their priests more particularly suffered.

The ruin of their barley was equally fatal, both in respect to their trade, (for Egypt seems very early to have been the granary of the world,) and to their private advantage. They had few vines in Egypt, but, instead of the juice of the grape, they made a liquor called barley-wine, undoubtedly a kind of beer, which was particularly serviceable during the time that the Nile was turbid, and not so fit to be used. These advantages were lost to them now through the devastation made by the rain, hail, and fire; and their loss could not but have been severely felt. Bryant. Barley is the most ancient aliment of mankind, as Pliny says on the testimony of Menander. Script. illust.

the barley was in the ear, &c.] The season of the year, and the commencement of the plagues, is no where specified; but both may be collected from the history. The departure of the Israelites, after the tenth and last plague, was about the vernal equinox, or beginning of April, on the 15th day of the 1st month, Abib, chap. xii. 6; but by the seventh plague of hail, the barley was smitten, but not the wheat and rie of later growth. For according to the report of modern travellers, the barley harvest in Egypt is reaped in March, and the wheat in April; and Le Brun found the whole to be over at Cairo on the 19th of April.

but is still hardened.

Before CHRIST 1491.

+ Heb. hidden, or, dark.

CHAP. IX, X.

32 But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were + not grown up.

33 And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.

34 And when Pharaoh saw that

God's message to Pharaoh. children of Israel go; as the LORD Before had spoken by Moses.

1

CHAP. X.

CHRIST

1491.

+ Heb.

by the hand

God threateneth to send locusts. 7 Pharaoh, of Moses.
moved by his servants, inclineth to let the
Israelites go. 12 The plague of the locusts.
16 Pharaoh sueth to Moses. 21 The plague
of darkness. 24 Pharaoh sueth unto Moses,
27 but yet is hardened.

the rain and the hail and the thunders AND the LORD said unto Moses,
were ceased, he sinned yet more, and
hardened his heart, he and his servants.
35 And the heart of Pharaoh was
hardened, neither would he let the

This agrees with the account of Moses, that "the barley was in the ear," though not yet fit for reaping; "but the wheat and the rie were not grown up.' This judgment therefore must have happened about a month before the departure of the Israelites, or in the beginning of March, before the barley harvest, so early as to leave room for the three succeeding plagues. And if we count backwards two months, by the same analogy, it will bring the first about the beginning of January, or the commencement of the winter season, at which time the river Nile was lowest, and its water clearest. Dr. Hales.

Go in unto Pharaoh: a for I a Chap. 4.21. have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him :

cession of Moses were constantly removed; he thence took occasion, instead of being softened by this alternative of mercy and judgment, to become more sullen and obdurate. "When Pharaoh saw that the rain, and the hail, and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart." The mercy of God, which should have led him to repentance, had a contrary effect upon him, and made him more obstinate. For an hardened heart is neither cut by compunction, nor softened by any sense of piety. It is neither moved by intreaties, nor yields to threatenings, nor feels the smart of scourges. It is ungrateful to benefactors, treacherous to counsels, sullen under judgments, fearless in dangers, forgetful of things past, negligent of things present, and improvident for the future. All these bad qualities seem to have concentered in Pharaoh. It was therefore entirely agreeable to the rules of Divine justice, 32.-rie] The Hebrew word signifies a hairy plant. when nothing would reclaim this wicked king, when It is usually thought to be the Zea, or Spelt, which is a even that which wrought upon the magicians, the minspecies of corn. Dr. Shaw thinks this word may sig-isters of Satan, made no impression on him, to let his nify rice. It is probable, that from the intercourse of ancient Egypt with Babylon and with India, this inundated country could not be ignorant of a grain so well suited to its climate. Script. illust.

the flax was bolled.] This word signifies to rise into a stalk or stem, which is of a roundish form. But some think that the seeds, or grain, of the flax were assuming a roundish form within their husks. Script. illust.

they were not grown up.] They were not yet eared; and so being tender and flexile, yielded to the stroke of the hail, and received less harm than the barley and flax, which were in a riper state. Bp. Patrick.

34. And when Pharaoh saw &c.] The effect on Pharaoh was exactly what Moses foretold, ver. 30. Instead of being melted into consideration and gratitude, he forgot his solemn promise, made a jest of his faith and honour, set God at defiance, and refused to let the Israelites go. Pyle.

he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart,] He stifled the dictates of conscience, and acted against conviction. Bryant. In this instance there is a remarkable suspension of the judicial infatuation. Pharaoh had humbled himself and acknowledged his own and his people's guilt, and the justice of the Divine plague. The Lord therefore forebore this time to harden his heart. But he abused the long sufferance of God, and this additional respite: "he sinned yet more," because he now sinned wilfully, after he had received information of the truth, he relapsed, and hardened his own heart, a seventh time. He became therefore "a vessel of wrath, fitted to destruction," Heb. x. 26; Rom. ix. 22. Dr. Hales.

crime become his punishment, and to leave him to eat the bitter fruit of his own ways, and to be filled with his own devices. Stackhouse.

The case of the hard-hearted Pharaoh may be made a ground of admonition to ourselves. We have had more messengers from God, more summonses to do many parts of his will, than were ever sent to this king and his people. We have with them refused to be obedient to the heavenly call, and thereby rendered ourselves obnoxious to the Divine judgments, under several of which we have smarted. Like them too, instead of being awakened to a sense of our disobedience, we have grown harder and more insensate under the rod. We have seen many examples of God's wrath upon sinners, and lightly passed them over, without being led by them to consider our own demerits.

How long shall we see this face of things, and hear the warnings of God to reform our lives, and to prevent the worse effects of his displeasure, and still continue in a state of stupid insensibility, as if we were in no danger? Shall we pass the time of our mortal lives, as if we were not accountable to God for what we are here doing? He hath "raised us up for this very purpose,' that we should be for ever happy in our observance, or miserable in our contempt, of his holy word. And either his mercy shall be glorified in our salvation, or his justice in our punishment. Such are God's thoughts and resolutions towards us if we have no thoughts of our duty to Him, and of the end for which He hath sent us into the world, it is because we are hardened and infatuated by the deceitfulness of sin. Reading.

Moses had performed in the presence of Pharaoh such miraculous works, as would probably have had an effect on any other person. But, because he saw some of the miracles imitated by the magicians; because the Chap. X. ver. 1.-for I have hardened &c.] The plagues came gradually upon him, and by the inter-particle translated "for" admits of the sense “although,"

God threateneth to send locusts.

Before CHRIST 1491.

+ Heb. eye.

EXODUS.

2 And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son's son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD.

3 And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve

me.

4 Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I b Wisd. 16.9. bring the locusts into thy coast: 5 And they shall cover the + face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:

6 And they shall fill thy houses,

Then the meaning becomes clear: "Although I have hardened his heart," yet let not that hinder thy going to him, but still importune him: because I intend to take occasion from his refusing to obey me, to work greater signs and wonders for your benefit, (ver. 2,) and for his ruin. Bp. Patrick.

2.-thou mayest tell] He speaks to Moses as the representative of the whole people of Israel. Bp. Patrick.

4. - to morrow will I bring the locusts &c.] It was not the purpose of God to complete every punishment at once; but to carry on these judgments in a series, and by degrees to cut off all hopes, and every resource, upon which the Egyptians depended. By the hail and thunder, and fire mingled with rain, both the barley and flax were ruined, and their pastures must have been greatly injured. But the wheat and the rie were not yet in ear and such was the fruitfulness of the soil, that a very short time would have sufficed for the leaves of the trees, and for the grass of the field, to have been recruited. It pleased God therefore to send an host of locusts, to devour every leaf and blade of grass, which had been left in the former devastation, and whatever was beginning to vegetate. It is hard to conceive how widely the mischief extends, when a cloud of these insects comes upon a country. Though it were a paradise before, it is soon rendered a desert. They devour to the very root and bark: so that it is a long time before vegetation can be renewed. Scarcely any misfortune can so effectually damage a land, but that room will be left for them to add to the mischief. How dreadful their inroads at all tires were, may be known from a variety of authors, ancient and modern. They describe them, as being brought on upon a country by one wind, and carried off by another: and speak of their numbers, as past all conception. The Egyptians had gods, in whom they trusted to free their country from these terrible invaders. But these powers could not stand before Moses, the servant of the true God. He brought upon them an host of enemies, who laid waste the fruits of their ground, and rendered all their confidence vain.

Pharaoh is urged by his servants.

and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers' fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.

7 And Pharaoh's servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?

Before CHRIST 1491.

8 And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that Heb. who shall go?

9 And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD.

and who, &c.

As Egypt is in great measure bounded to the east and north by seas, and is far removed from those regions in Africa, where locusts particularly generate, it is not much infested with them. However, at the time spoken of, an east wind prevailed "all day and all night;" and the whole country in the morning swarmed with these insects. Hence we know, that they came from Arabia; and that they must have passed the Red sea, which is the barrier to the East. "Before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such," ver. 14. Hence Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; acknowledged his sin; and begged to be delivered "from this death,” ver. 17; “and the Lord turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea," ver. 19. The storm, which carried them away, served to bury them in the waters. Bryant. locusts] There are in Scripture ten names for locusts. The species mentioned here is called Arbah, which imports multiplicity? a very just description of the locust tribes! Leewenhoeck says, he has seen a female lay more than eighty eggs: if every female is equally prolifick, and lay three or four times in a summer, what an immense multitude must issue, and that speedily, from such fertility! Script. illust.

6.which neither thy fathers, &c.] Though locusts are common in Arabia, they are seldom found in Egypt; the Red sea forming a barrier against them, as they are not formed for crossing seas, or for long flights. The winds also blow there six months from the north, and six from the south so that the strong easterly wind, which enabled them to cross it, has every appearance of being preternatural. Dr. Hales.

7.-be a snare unto us?] Be the occasion of our falling into one calamity after another: involve and entangle us in so much mischief. Bp. Patrick.

knowest thou not yet &c.] When pride rules in the heart, it necessarily hardens it, because it excludes Divine grace, and shuts the ear, not only to all admonition both of God and of man, but even to the voice of our own interest. "Knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?” Pharaoh knew this; yet he would not yield. Wogan.

The plague of locusts.

Before CHRIST 1491.

CHAP. X.

10 And he said unto them, Let
the LORD be so with you, as I will
let
little ones: look
you go, and your
to it; for evil is before you.

11 Not so: go now ye that are
men, and serve the LORD; for that
ye did desire. And they were dri-
ven out from Pharaoh's presence.

12 And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.

13 And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.

14 And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.

15 For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every

10. Let the Lord be so with you,] These words are either a form of imprecation, as if he had said, "I wish you may prosper no better than I shall accord to your desire:" or else they are spoken scoffingly, as if he had said, "You trust in the Lord; let Him do all He can to deliver you, as I am resolved to keep you here." Bp. Patrick.

go, if

15.

look to it; for evil is before you.] Look to it; you will, at your own peril. Bp. Hall.

-they covered the face of the whole earth,] I had once an opportunity to see large swarms of locusts in the island of Cyprus: and till that time had no adequate idea of their numerous hosts and rapacious depredations. In going in a chaise from Larnica to a garden at a distance of four or five miles, the locusts lay swarm

ing, above a foot deep, in several parts of the high road, and thousands were destroyed by the wheels of the carriage crashing over them. Dr. Russell.

they did eat every herb &c.] Of the insect tribes, the locust is the most dreadful in its depredations; it sets all the defensive arts of man at defiance, and destroys in a few days the beautiful verdure of vast tracts of cultivated country. Dr. Russell.

The plague of darkness.

herb of the land, and all the fruit of
the trees which the hail had left: and
there remained not any green thing
in the trees, or in the herbs of the
field, through all the land of Egypt.

Before CHRIST

1491.

hastened to

16 ¶ Then Pharaoh + called for + Heb. Moses and Aaron in haste; and he call. said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.

17 Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only.

18 And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD.

19 And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and † cast them into the Heb. + Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt.

20 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.

fastened.

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thing escape them. The inhabitants made trenches, and filled them with water; and placed in rows great quantities of combustible matter, and set them on fire. But in vain. The trenches were quickly filled up, and the fires put out, by infinite swarms succeeding one another : the last gnawing off the young branches, and the very bark of such trees, as had escaped before with the loss only of their fruit and foliage. Dr. Shaw.

17.- this death] Death, being the extremity of temporal sufferings, in the Hebrew idiom, which expresses every thing strongly, signifies any very dreadful evil or hazard. Archbishop Secker.

19.

the only remedies to free a country from this plague; a mighty strong west wind,] Strong winds are for if the locusts die in the fields, the air is so corrupted with the stench, that it breeds pestilential diseases. Bp. Patrick. As the direction of the flights of the locusts in Barbary is always to the northward, it is probable they perish in the sea. Dr. Shaw.

there remained not one locust] The power of God appeared no less in sweeping them all away, than in bringing them upon the country: for both were done at the instance of Moses. Bp. Patrick.

21. And the Lord said &c.] He now left off treating with Pharaoh, and only proceeds in the execution of the sentence of utter destruction, which had been decreed against him. Bp. Patrick.

Those which I saw in Barbary were much bigger than our common grasshoppers. They appeared first towards the end of March, the wind having been some time southerly: in the middle of April their numbers were so increased, that in the heat of the day they formed themselves into large bodies, appeared like a darkness which may be felt.] Darkness caused succession of clouds, and darkened the sun. In June by thick and clammy fogs, which might be felt by the the new broods gradually made their appearance: on bare faces and hands of those who were exposed to being hatched, they immediately collected together, them. Bp. Patrick, Dr. Wells. So thick, black, and forming compact bodies of several hundred yards square: dreadful a mist fell upon the country, as affected all and marching directly forward, climbed over trees, walls, people in the most sensible manner, and with the most and houses, ate up every plant in their way, and let no-frightful apprehensions, Pyle.

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