OF

PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

AND ALLIED TRADES

A PRACTICAL AND INDISPENSABLE WORK OF REFERENCE
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER, DRAFTSMAN,
SHOP SUPERINTENDENT, FOREMAN AND MACHINIST.

ts, simple
alæ. The
tement of
ce in the

We have concluded that it would be more advantageous
to bind two volumes of this Encyclopædia in one volume.
That is, volumes One and Two, Three and Four, Five
and Six, Seven and Eight, and Nine and Ten, are each
bound together ; thus publishing the work in five bound

volumes, instead of ten.

ASSISTED BY A CORPS OF PRACTICAL MEN, EACH A SPECIALIST

IN THE SUBJECT OF WHICH HE WRITES.

PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED.

VOL. V.

FIL-OPE.

NEW YORK

THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY,

OF

PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

AND ALLIED TRADES

A PRACTICAL AND INDISPENSABLE WORK OF REFERENCE
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER, DRAFTSMAN,
SHOP SUPERINTENDENT, FOREMAN AND MACHINIST.

Encyclopædic in scope, thorough and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple
and clear in its descriptive matter, and without unnecessary technicalities or formulæ. The
Articles are as brief as may be and yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of
the subject, and are written by men who have had ample practical experience in the

matters of which they write.

ASSISTED BY A CORPS OF PRACTICAL MEN, EACH A SPECIALIST

IN THE SUBJECT OF WHICH HE WRITES.

PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED.

VOL. V.

FIL-OPE.

NEW YORK

THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY,

OF

PRACTICAL ENGINEERING

AND ALLIED TRADES

A PRACTICAL AND INDISPENSABLE WORK OF REFERENCE
FOR THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER, DESIGNER, DRAFTSMAN,
SHOP

SUPERINTENDENT, FOREMAN AND MACHINIST.

Encyclopædic in scope, thorough and practical in its treatment of technical subjects, simple
and clear in its descriptive matter, and without unnecessary technicalities or formulæ. The
Articles are as brief as may be and yet give a reasonably clear and explicit statement of
the subject, and are written by men who have had ample practical experience in the

matters of which they write.

EDITED BY

JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I.MECH.E.

AL'THOR OF

PATTERN MAKING,"

PRACTICAL METAL TURNING, MODERN MILLING MACHINES,"
TOOLS FOR MACHINISTS, AND WOODWORKERS,"

ETC., ETC.

ASSISTED BY A CORPS OF PRACTICAL MEN, EACH A SPECIALIST

IN THE SUBJECT OF WIIICH HE WRITES.