TURKEY.

40 Paras make 1 Piastre.

The Turkish Piastre bears only a nominal value, at present it may be reckoned about 3 d. Sterling, as about 80 Piastres make the rate of exchange for the £ Sterling.

Ex. 35. Exchange £ 400 into Piastres at 78.

36. Exchange Piastres 10,000 into Sterling at 75.

RUSSIA.

100 Copecs make 1 Rouble.

The Rouble of exchange and account is generally the Bank or Paper Rouble; and as the common rate of exchange between this and the Silver Rouble is about 32 Paper Roubles for 1 Silver Rouble, which is worth about 37 d. Sterling, the Bank Rouble may be reckoned at 10 d. Sterling, or the £ Sterling at 24 Roubles.

N. B. The rate of exchange of Odessa on London is in Roubles per £ Sterling.

Ex. 37. Exchange £ 500 Sterling into Roubles at 10 d. 38. Exchange Roubles 10,000 into Sterling at 10.

SWEDEN.

48 Skillings make 1 Rixdollar.

The Rixdollar of exchange and account being in Paper, has only a nominal value; according to the present rate of exchange the value is about 1 s. 9 d. Sterling, making the £ Sterling worth about 11 RD. 21 sk.

Ex. 39. Exchange £ 500 Sterling into Rixdollars at 12.

40. Exchange 5000 Rixdollars into Sterling at 11.24.

DENMARK.

96 Skillings make 1 Rigsbank Dollar.

The value of the Danish Rigsbank Dollar is equal to that of 1 Marks Banco, or about 2 s. 24 d. Sterling, making the value of the £ Sterling about 9 RB. D. 13 sk.

Ex. 41. Exchange £ 500 Sterling into RB. D. at 9.35. 42. Exchange RB. D. 1000 into Sterling at 9.14.

NORTH AMERICA.

UNITED STATES.

100 Cents make 1 Dollar.

The value of the United States Dollar is about 4 s. 1 d. Sterling, but the fixed exchange value of this Dollar, called the par value, is 4 s. 6 d. Sterling, or rather Currency. Hence at present Sterling bears a premium upon this valuation of about 10 per cent., £ 100 Sterling being worth about £ 110 U. S. money, S. 6 d. per Dollar.

at 4

Ex. 43. Exchange £ 100 Sterling into U. S. Dollars at par, and also at 10 per cent.

Ex. 44. Exchange 100 U. S. Dollars into Sterling at par, and also at 10 per cent.

BRITISH COLONIES.

Accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence, Currency. In Canada, £ 100 Currency are, at par, equal to £ 90 Sterling;. in Jamaica, £ 140 Currency are equal to £ 100 Sterling; and exchange is made with England by a premium or discount per cent. on the Sterling money. In other places exchange is made by giving a variable number of pounds Currency for £ 100 Sterling. Ex. 45. Exchange £ 500 Sterling into Canada Currency at par.. 46. Exchange £ 300 Sterling into Jamaica Currency at par. 47. Exchange £ 400 Sterl. into Barbadoes Currency at 137. 48. Exchange £ 200 Sterling into Grenada Currency at 225.

The Dollar is either Currency or the Hard Spanish Dollar; the value of the Currency Dollar is nominal.

Ex. 49. Exchange £ 100 Sterling into Hard Dollars at 45 d. 50. Exchange £ 100 Sterling into Paper Dollars at 7 d.

PORTUGUESE SETTLEMENTS.

1000 Reis make 1 Milreis.

The Milreis of exchange is in Paper, and is nominal in value. Ex. 51. Exchange £ 100 Sterling into Milreis at 26 d.

The value of the Bengal Rupee is about 2 s. Sterling, and of the Madras and Bombay Rupee about 1 s. 10 Sterling.

Ex. 52. Exchange £ 100 Sterling into Bengal Rupees at 2 s. 0 d.

Ex. 53. Exchange £300 Sterling into Madras Rupees at 1 s. 10 d.

Ex. 54. Exchange £ 500 Sterling into Bombay Rupees at 1 s. 104 d.

FRACTIONS.

A Fraction is a number expressing one or more of the equal parts into which a unit or an integer is divided.

NUMERATION.

A Fraction is expressed by two numbers; one, which is called the denominator, shows how many of parts make the unit or integer, and the other, which is called the Numerator, shows how many of those parts are employed in the Fraction :—thus, § is a fraction; the denominator (the lower number) shows that 8 of these parts make the unit or integer; and the numerator (the upper number) shows that five of these parts are here used.

A Fraction may also be considered as expressing the result of a division, whether the quotient can or cannot be expressed by a whole number; thus 5-8 ths may be considered as the quotient of 5 divided by 8, and may be expressed as the 8 th part of 5.

A Fraction having 1 for its Numerator is called a part, or, to more particularly mark it, an aliquot part; but a fractional expression having 1 for the denominator, is merely the fractional formula for a whole number; as 1 for 11.

When the numerator of a fraction is less than the denominator, it is called a proper fraction; as, the value of which is less than unity.

When the numerator of a fraction is not less than the denominator, it is called an improper fraction; as, and ', the value of the first being equal to unity, and of the second greater than unity.

A number composed of a whole number and a fraction, is called a mixed number; as 3.

The fractional part of any other number than unity is called a compound fraction; as of; or 3 of 11.

When either the numerator or the denominator of a fraction contains a fraction, the expression is called a complex fraction, as,