66 "fo are "Cor. 1. The angle BAD is the fifth part of two right angles. "For since each of the angles ABD and ADB is equal to twice the angle BAD, they are together equal to four times BAD, and therefore all the three angles ABD, ADB, BAD, taken together, fore all " equal to five times the angle BAD. But the three angles ABD, "ADB, BAD are equal to two right angles, therefore five times the "angle BAD is equal to two right angles; or BAD is the fifth part " of two right angles." "COR. 2. Because BAD is the fifth part of two, or the tenth part " of four right angles, all the angles about the centre A are together "equal to ten times the angle BAD, and may therefore be divided " into ten parts each equal to BAD. And as these ten equal angles at "the centre, must stand on ten equal arches, therefore the arch BD " is one-tenth of the circumference; and the straight line BD, that is, "AC is therefore equal to the side of an equilateral decagon inscrib"ed in the circle BDE." PROP. XI. PROB. To inscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon in a given circle. Let ABCDE be the given circle, it is required to inscribe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon in the circle ABCDE. Describe (10. 4.) an isosceles triangle FGH, having each of the angles at G, H, double of the angle at F; and in the circle ABCDE inscribe (2. 4.) the triangle ACD equiangular to the triangle FGH, so that the angle CAD be equal to the angle at F, and each of the an gles ACD, CDA equal to the an A gle at Gor H; wherefore each of the angles ACD, CDA is double of the angle CAD. Bisect (9. 1.) the angles ACD, CDA by the straight lines CE, DB; and join AB, BC, DE, EA. ABCDE is the pentagon re F B quired. E Because the angles ACD, CDA are each of them double of G CAD, and are bisected by the straight lines CE, DB, the five angles DAC, ACE, ECD, CDB, BDA are equal to one another; but equal angles stand upon equal (26. 3.) arches; therefore the five arches AB, BC, CD, DE, ÉA are equal to one another; and equal arches are subtended by equal (29. 3.) straight lines; therefore the five straight lines AB, BC, CD, DE, EA are equal to one another. It is also equian Wherefore the pentagon ABCDE is equilateral. gular; because the arch AB is equal to the arch DE; if to each be added BCD, the whole ABCD is equal to the whole EDCB; and the angle AED stands on the arch ABCD, and the angle BAE on the arch \ EDCB: therefore the angle BAE is equal (27. 3.) to the angle AED: for the same reason, each of the angles ABC, BCD, CDE is equal to the angle BAE or AED: therefore the pentagon ABCDE is equiangular: and it has been shown that it is equilateral. Wherefore, in the given circle, an equilateral and equiangular pentagon has been inscribed. Which was to be done. Otherwise. "Divide the radius of the given circle, so that the rectangle contain"ed by the whole and one of the parts may be equal to the square "of the other (11.2.). Apply in the circle, on each side of a given "point, a line equal to the greater of these parts; then (2. Cor. 10.4.); " each of the arches cut off will be one-tenth of the circumference, " and therefore the arch made up of both will be one-fifth of the cir"cumference; and if the straight line subtending this arch be drawn, "it will be the side of an equilateral pentagon inscribed in the circle." PROP. XII. PROB. To describe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon about a given circle. Let ABCDE be the given circle, it is required to describe an equilateral and equiangular pentagon about the circle ABCDE. Let the angles of a pentagon, inscribed in the circle, by the last proposition, be in the points A, B, C, D, E, so that the arches, AB, BC, CD, DE, EA are equal (11. 4.); and through the points A, B, C, D, E draw GH, HK, KL, LM, MG, touching (17.3.) the circle; take the centre F, and join FB, FK, FC, FL, FD. And because the straight line KL touches the circle ABCDE in the point C, to which FC is drawn from the centre F, FC is perpendicular (18. 3.) to KL: therefore each of the angles at C is a right angle: for the same reason, the angles at the points B, D are right angles; and because FCK is a right angle, the square of FK is equal (47.1.) to the squares of FC, CR. For the same reason, the square of FK is equal to the squares of FB, BK. therefore the squares of FC, CK are equal to the squares of FB, BK, of which the square of FC is equal to the square of FB; the remaining square of CK is therefore equal to the remaining square of BK, and the straight line CK equal to BK: and because FB is equal to FC and FK common to the triangles BFK, CFK, the two BF, FK are equal to the two CF, FK; and the base BK is equal to the base KC; therefore the angle BFK is equal (8. 1.) to the angle KFC, and the angle BKF to FKC; wherefore the angle BFC is double of the angle KFC, and BKC double of FKC: for the same reason, the angle CFD is double of the angle CFL, and CLD doubie of CLF: and because the arch BC is equal to the arch CD the angle BFC is equal (27.3.) to the angle CFD; and BFC is double of the angle KFC, and CFD double of CFL; therefore the other sides are equal (26. 1.) to the other sides, and the third angle to the third angle; therefore the straight line KC is equal to CL, and the angle FKC to the angle FLC: and because KC is equal to CL, KL is double of KC; in the same manner, it may be shown that HK is double of BK; and because BK is equal to KČ, as was demonstrated, and KL is double of KC, and HK double of BK, HK is equal to KL; in like manner, it may be shown that GH, GM, ML are each of them equal to HK or KL: therefore the pentagon GHKLM is equilateral. It is also equiangular; for, since the angle FKC is equal to the angle FLC, and the angle HKL double of the angle FKC and KLM double of FLC, as was before demonstrated, the angle HKL is equal to KLM; and in like manner it may be shown, that each of the angles KHG, HGM, GML is equal to the angle HKL or KLM; therefore the five angles GHK, HKL, KLM, LMG, MGH being equal to one another, the pentagon GHKLM is equiangular; and it is equilateral as was demonstrated; and it is described about the circle ABCDE. Which was to be done. PROP. XIII. PROB. To inscribe a circle in a given equilateral and equiangular pen tagon. Let ABCDE be the given equilateral and equiangular pentagon; it is required to inscribe a circle in the pentagon ABCDE. Bisect (9.1.) the angles BCD, CDE by the straight lines CF, DF, and from the point F, in which they meet, draw the straight lines FB, FA, FE; therefore. since BC is equal to CD, and CF common to the triangles BCF, DCF, the two sides BC, CF are equal to the two DC, CF; and the angle BCF is equal to the angle DCF: therefore the base BF is equal (4. 1.) to the base FD, and the other angles to the other angles, to which the equal sides are opposite; therefore the angle CBF is equal to the angle CDF: and because the angle CDE is double of CDF, and CDE equal to CBA, and CDF to CBF; FH, FK, FL, FM perpendiculars to the straight lines AB, BC, CD, DE, EA: and because the angle A M E F L C K D HCF is equal to KCF, and the right angle FHC, equal to the right angle FKC; in the triangles FHC, FKC there are two angles of one equal to two angles of the other, and the side FC, which is opposite to one of the equal angles in each, is common to both; therefore, the other sides shall be equal (26.1), each to each; wherefore the perpendicular FH is equal to the perpendicular FK: in the same manner it may be demonstrated, that FL, FM, FG are each of them equal to FH, or FK; therefore the five straight lines FG, FH, FK, FL, FM are equal to one another; wherefore the circle described from the centre F, at the distance of one of these five, will pass through the extremities of the other four, and touch the straight lines AB, BC, CD, DE, EA, because that the angles at the points G, H, K, L, M are right angles, and that a straight line drawn from the extremity of the diameter of a circle at right angles to it, touches (Cor. 16. 3.) the circle: therefore each of the straight lines AB, BC, CD, DE, EA touches the circle; wherefore the circle is inscribed in the pentagon ABCDE. Which was to be done. PROP. XIV. PROB. To describe a circle about a given equilateral and equiangular pentagon. Let ABCDE be the given equilateral and equiangular pentagon; it is required to describe a circle about it. Bisect (9. 1.) the angles BCD, CDE by the straight lines CF, FD, and from the point F, in which they A E F C D to FDC; wherefore the side CF is equal (6. 1.) to the side FD: In like manner it may be demonstrated, that FB, FA, FE are each of them equal to FC, or FD: therefore the five straight lines FA, FB, FC, FD, FE are equal to one another; and the circle described from the centre F, at the distance of one of them, will pass through the extremities of the other four, and be described about the equilateral and equiangular pentagon ABCDE. Which was to be done. To inscribe an equilateral and equiangular hexagon in a given circle. Let ABCDEF be the given circle; it is required to inscribe an equilateral and equiangular hexagon in it. Find the centre G of the circle ABCDEF, and draw the diameter AGD; and from D as a centre, at the distance DG, describe the circle EGCH, join EG, CG, and produce them to the points B, F; and join AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA: the hexagon ABCDEF is equilateral and equiangular. Because G is the centre of the circle ABCDEF, GE is equal to GD: and because D is the centre of the circle EGCH, DE is equal to DG; wherefore GE is equal to ED, and the triangle EGD is equilateral; and therefore its three angles EGD, GDE, DEG are equal to one another (Cor. 5. 1.); and the three angles of a triangle are equal (32. 1.) to two right angles; therefore the angle EGD is the third part of two right angles: In the same manner it may be demonstrated that the angle DGC is also the third part of two right angles: and because the straight line GC makes with EB the adjacent angles EGC, CGB equal (13. 1.) to two right angles: the remaining angle CGB is the third part of two right angles: therefore the an-E gles EGD, DGC, CGB, are equal to one another: and also the angles vertical to them, BGA, AGF, FGE (15. 1.); therefore the six angles EGD, DGC, CGB, BGA, AGF, FGE are equal to one another. But equal angles at the centre stand upon equal (26. 3.) arches; therefore the six arches AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA are F H A D B G C equal to one another: and equal arches are subtended by equal (29. 3.) straight lines; therefore the six straight lines are equal to one another, and the hexagon ABCDEF is equilateral. It is also equiangular; for since the arch AF is equal to ED, to each of these add the arch ABCD; therefore the whole arch FABCD shall be equal to the whole EDCBA: and the angle FED stands upon the arch FABCD, and the angle AFE upon EDCBA; therefore the angle AFE is |