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the second passage. What is this but completely arguing in a circle? As for what Chandler says respecting the literal acceptation of all the three passages, it is so totally contrary to the universal spirit of prophetic language, and so plainly contrived (particularly in the case of the first passage) to serve a turn; that I scruple not to assert, that there is not the slightest foundation for it. It will follow therefore, unless I be greatly mistaken in this assertion, that the locust-army, which occasions dreadful political revolutions, cannot be an army composed of literal locusts.

The opinion here advanced by me is adopted, as Chandler himself acknowledges, by the Chaldee Paraphrast, Grotius, and Jerome. The first of these writers renders Joel ii. 5, Peoples, nations, tongues, emperors, and revenging kingdoms. The second thinks, that the prophet does not mean real locusts; but that he points out under such imagery the successive irruptions of Phul, Tiglathphilasar, Salmanasar, and Sennacherib. The third agrees with Grotius in principle; but differs from him in the application of the prediction. He observes, in explaining Chap. ii. Ver. 20, that the northern one means the Assyrians and Chaldeans, who came from the north; and adds, that the term northern is here used to shew that the prophet does not intend real locusts, but symbolical ones. His reason

* It is likewise adopted by Abarbanel and Mede.

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ing is just; though his application is, I think, wrong. Real locusts do not come from the north, but breed in the warm regions of the south *. They are used therefore with singular propriety. by St. John, who (as Mede and Bp. Newton justly observe) has borrowed many particulars of his description from Joel, to typify the vast armies of the Saracens. In the Apocalypse however the antitypical locusts come, like their types, from the south and south-east: consequently the Apostle had no occasion to specify the particular quarter of the heavens! that point, nothing being said to the contrary, would be sufficiently determined by the natural history of the symbolt. But Joel wished to describe a horde of rapacious northern invaders under the same imagery. Hence both

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Speaking of the remarkable accordance of the apocalyptic locusts with the Saracens, Mr. Daubuz observes, that "the Sa66 racens have made inroads into all those parts of Christendom "where the natural locusts are wont to be seen and known to do mischief, and no where else: and that too in the same proportion. Where the locusts are seldom seen, there the "Saracens stayed little: where the natural locusts are often "L seen, there the Saracens abode most: and, where they breed "most, there the Saracens had their beginning, and greatest power." Mr. Mede observes, like Mr. Daubuz, that the locusts bred much in Arabia.

† In a similar manner, he symbolizes the various irruptions of the northern nations by a storm of hail, without specifying from what quarter that storm came, because the north is the region of Snow and hail.

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the decorum of the type, and the right understanding of the prediction, required, that he should particularly specify that the locusts should come from the north; thus tacitly, though plainly, insinuating, that he meant not any literal locusts.

Here then Chandler has a fresh difficulty to encounter: and in what manner does he endeavour to remove it? Kimchi, who like himself supposes the locusts to be literal ones, somewhat unthinkingly adopts the natural and obvious interpretation of the passage; and says, that the prophet calls the locust the northern one, because it came to them from the northern quarter. But this exposition is by no means satisfactory, because real locusts do not come from the north. Chandler therefore adopts the gloss of Bochart, who had before him understood the locusts of Joel in a literal sense, and who must also before him have felt the refractoriness of this passage. "The "northern one," says he, "is that part of the "locusts, which is on the northern side of the city; "and the barren and dry land, into which the "Lord will drive them, is Arabia which lies to the "south of Judea, and where they would die for

want of food.' Are we to suppose then, if literal locusts be intended, that there were none on the south side of the city? And if, as common sense obliges us to conclude no less than the very full and ample description of the prophet, there undoubtedly were; why are those on the northern

side alone noticed, while nothing is said respecting those on the southern side? Nor is this all: the two seas, as both Bochart, Kimchi, and Chandler, allow, are the dead sea and the Mediterranean sea. How then could the locusts be between these two seas, if they were driven far into the desarts of Arabia †? In short, I can consider such an interpretation in no other light than that of a mere struggle to get quit of a difficulty. The northern one is evidently a sweeping expression, denoting either the king of the locusts at the head of his armies, or the whole body of the locusts themselves. And I am persuaded, that any one, who reads the passage unbiassed by system, will conclude, that the northern locusts, which lay waste the whole land of Judea, are certain locusts, which come out of the north; and that, when he recollects that

* Kimchi thinks, perhaps also the lake of Gennesareth.

+ The land barren and desolate is certainly the land between the seas, or Palestine; not Arabia. This land had been made barren and desolate by the ravages of the locust-army. The removing to a distance must be taken in a qualified and limited sense; for the place, to which the symbolical locusts are to be removed, is between the seas of Palestine, no less than the glorious holy mountain itself (compare Dan. xi. 45.). We learn from St. John, that this place is Megiddo, descriptively termed by Joel the valley of the Lord's judgment; which is about forty miles from Jerusalem, and which, though it may be considered as lying between the dead sea and the Mediterranean, is (to speak with more geographical accuracy) situate between the Mediterranean and the sea of Gennesareth.

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locusts are ordinarily bred in the south, he will say with Jerome, that the epithet northern is added to shew that the prophet did not intend real locusts.

Supposing then that the locusts, caterpillers, canker-worms, and palmer-worms, which composed the vast army described by Joel, are to be understood, not literally, but symbolically; the next point to be considered is the period to which we are to assign this tremendous invasion of Judea. Grotius thinks, as we have seen, that the successive invasions of Phul, Tiglathphilasar, Salmanasar, and Sennacherib, are intended*. St. Jerome supposes,

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* I think him no less wrong in this part of his opinion, than in his application of the prophecy to a period during which Judah was existing as a kingdom. These four tribes of animals are plainly represented as composing only one army, the different divisions of which, after they have jointly entered Palestine, spread themselves over the face of the whole country, and rival each other in mischievousness and rapacity. "That "which the palmer-worm hath left, hath the locust eaten; and "that which the locust hath left, hath the canker-worm eaten; "and that which the canker-worm hath left, hath the caterpiller eaten-A fire devoureth before them; and behind them a flame burneth: the land is as the garden of Eden before "them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and no"thing shall escape them." The ravages of a hostile army, sometimes advancing in one great body, and sometimes dividing itself into detachments, could not have been painted more to the life. There cannot be a better comment upon the prophecy than the conduct of the locusts of Antichrist in the course of their various campaigns. Every part of the European continent within their reach has been plundered and laid waste by them.

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