Principles of Political Economy

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

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CONTENTS

3.

4.

5.

in the protection of labor....

6. — in the transport and distribution of the produce..

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7. Labor which relates to human beings...

8. Labor of invention and discovery...

9. Labor agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial....

- in producing materials...

or implements

Chapter III. Of Unproductive Labor.

1. Labor does not produce objects, but utilities..

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2. - which are of three kinds...

3. Productive labor is that which produces utilities fixed and em-

bodied in material objects.

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I

6. Labor for the supply of Productive Consumption, and labor
for the supply of Unproductive Consumption.

4. All other labor, however useful, is classed as unproductive.. 49

5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption.....

51

44

45

52

Chapter IV. Of Capital.

1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment.. 54

2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed

in it

56

3. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of capital.. 59

Chapter V. Fundamental Propositions respecting Capital.

1. Industry is limited by Capital.................

2.

3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labor, with-

out assignable bounds.....

4. Capital is the result of saving.

5. All capital is consumed....

6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual repro-

duction

but does not always come up to that limit..

Chapter VI. On Circulating and Fixed Capital.

1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what....

2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating,

might be detrimental to the laborers.

3. but this seldom if ever occurs......

7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation....74

8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans.

9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labor...

10. Fallacy respecting Taxation...

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3.

4.

5.

Chapter VII. On what depends the degree of Productiveness
of Productive Agents.

I. Land, labor, and capital, are of different productiveness at
different times and places.....

2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages...........
greater energy of labor....

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- superior skill and knowledge...

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superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com-
munity generally....

superior security

6.

Chapter VIII. Of Co-operation, or the Combination of Labor.

1. Combination of Labor a principal cause of superior produc-
tiveness

......

2. Effects of separation of employments analyzed...

3. Combination of labor between town and country..

4. The higher degrees of the division of labor...

5. Analysis of its advantages...

6. Limitations of the division of labor..

Chapter IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on a

Small Scale.

1. Advantages of the large system of production in manu-

129

factures

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle... 134

3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production. 139

4. Large and small farming compared....

142

Chapter X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labor.

1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of

three elements, Labor, Capital, and Land.....

152

2. The Law of Population......

3. By what checks the increase of population is practically
limited

3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of this desire.
4. Exemplification of its excess.

Chapter XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production from
Land.

1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the

real limits to production.....

2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing

return in proportion to the increased application of labor

and capital

Chapter XI. Of the Law of the Increase of Capital.

1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent.......... 159

2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of

accumulation

3.

4.

Chapter I. Of Property.

.... 173

3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the

progress of improvements in production.

... 177

1. Introductory remarks....

2. Statement of the question.

3. Examination of Communism.

4. Examination of St. Simonism and Fourierism..

2.

3.

Chapter XIII. Consequence of the foregoing Laws.

1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of

the principle of accumulation.....

186

2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of

inequality of property.......

- nor superseded by free trade in food.

nor in general by emigration.....

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BOOK II

DISTRIBUTION

Chapter II. The same subject continued.

1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by

.....

contract

the validity of prescription..

the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance.

Question of inheritance examined.........

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153

155

4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?................

5. Grounds of property in land, different from those of property

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6. — only valid on certain conditions, which are not always real-
ized. The limitations considered.

7. Rights of property in abuses.....

226

230

Chapter III. Of the Classes among whom the Produce is dis-
tributed.

I. The produce sometimes shared among three classes.

2. The produce sometimes belongs undividedly to one....
3. The produce sometimes divided between two........

Chapter IV. Of Competition and Custom.

1. Competition not the sole regulator of the division of the

produce ....

2. Influence of custom on rents, and on the tenure of land.

3. Influence of custom on prices.....

Chapter V. Of Slavery.

1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves....

2. Slavery in relation to production....

....

3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the

slave-owners

Chapter VI. Of Peasant Proprietors.

1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respect-

ing peasant properties....

2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland.

Chapter VII. Continuation of the same subject.

I. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry....

in training intelligence....

2.

3. in promoting forethought and self-control.

4. Their effect on population......

5. Their effect on the subdivision of land..

.....

Chapter VIII. Of Metayers.

1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties...

2. Its advantages and inconveniences....

3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries.

4. Is its abolition desirable?.....

Chapter IX. Of Cottiers.

1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure....

2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nomi-

nal rents.......

3. which are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint

on population.....

4. Ryot tenancy of India.

Chapter X. Means of abolishing Cottier Tenancy.

1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors.... 315

2. Present state of this question...

323

Chapter XI. Of Wages.

1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labor-in other

words, on population and capital...

328

2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages.. 329

3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply re-

straints on population.....

4. which are in some cases legal.......

5. — in others the effect of particular customs...

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6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labor-

ing class...

....

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2. — would require as a condition, legal measures for repression

of population......

3. Allowances in aid of wages.

4. The Allotment System..

Chapter XIII. The Remedies for Low Wages further con-

sidered.

I. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of popu-
lation

Chapter XII.

Of Popular Remedies for Low Wages.

1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of

employment

345

2. Grounds for expecting improvement..

3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the laboring people:

by education....

4. and by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign

and home colonization......

Chapter XIV. Of the Differences of Wages in different Employ-

ments.

...

1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of at-

tractiveness in different employments....

2. Differences arising from natural monopolies.

3. Effect on wages of a class of subsidized competitors.....

4. — of the competition of persons with independent means of

support

5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men.

6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from

combinations

7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom.

357

387

Chapter XV. Of Profits.

1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and

wages of superintendence...

388

2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is

liable .....

390

3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particu-

lar employment...

4. General tendency of profits to an equality.

392

394

Libros

Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications ..., Volumen1