QUALIFICATION, ACCOMPLISHMENT.

The qualification serves the purpose of utility; the accomplishment serves to adorn: by the first we are enabled to make ourselves useful; by the second we are enabled to make ourselves agreeable.

The qualifications of a man who has an office to perform must be considered: of a man who has only pleasure to pursue the accomplishments are to be considered. A readiness with one's pen, and a facility at accounts, are necessary qualifications either for a school or a counting-house; The companion of an evening, and the companion for life, require very different qualifications." JOHNSON. Drawing is one of the most agreeable and suitable accomplishments that can be given to a young person; "Where nature bestows genius, education will give accomplishments.” CUMBERLAND.

TO FULFIL, ACCOMPLISH, REALIZE. To fulfil is literally to fill quite full, that is, to bring about full to the wishes of a person; accomplish (v. To accomplish) is to bring to perfection, but without reference to the wishes of any one; to realize is to make real, namely, whatever has been aimed at. The application of these terms is evident from their explications: the wishes, the expectations, the intentions, and promises of an individual, are appropriately said to be fulfilled; national projects, or undertakings, prophecies, and whatever is of general interest, are said to be accomplished: the fortune, or the prospects of an individual, or whatever results successfully from specific efforts, is said to be realized: the fulfilment of wishes may be as much the effect of good fortune as of design; The palsied dotard looks round him, perceives himself to be alone; he has survived his friends, and he wishes to follow them; his wish is fulfilled; he drops torpid and insensible into that gulf which is deeper than the grave.' HAWKESWORTH. The accomplishment of projects mostly results from extraordinary exertion, as the accomplishment of prophecies results from a miraculous exertion of power; God bless you, sweet boy! and accomplish the joyful hope I conceived of you." SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. The realization of hopes results more commonly from the slow process of moderate well combined efforts than from any thing extraordinary; After my fancy had been busied in attempting to realize the scenes that Shakspeare drew, I regretted that the labor was ineffectual.' HAWKESWORTH.

TO KEEP, OBSERVE, FULFIL.

These terms are synonymous in the moral sense of abiding by, and carrying into execution what is prescribed or set before one for his rule of conduct: to keep (v. To keep) is simply to have by one in such manner that it shall not depart; to observe, from the

Latin observo, i. e. ob and servo to keep in one's view, is to keep with a steady attention; to fulfil (v. To accomplish) is to keep to the end or to the full intent. A day is either kept or observed; yet the former is not only a more familiar term, but it likewise implies a much less solemn act than the latter; one must add, therefore, the mode in which it is kept, by saying that it is kept holy, kept sacred, or kept as a day of pleasure; the term observe, however, implies always that it is kept religiously: we may keep, but we do not observe a birth-day; we keep or observe the sabbath.

To keep marks simply perseverance or continuance in a thing; a man keeps his word if he do not depart from it;

It is great sin to swear unto a sin,

But greater sin to keep a sinful oath. SHAKSPEARE. To observe marks fidelity and consideration; we observe a rule when we are careful to be guided by it; 'I doubt whether any of our authors have yet been able for twenty lines together, nicely to observe the true definition of easy poetry.' JOHNSON. To fulfil marks the perfection and consummation of that which one has kept; we fulfil a promise by acting in strict conformity to it; You might have seen this poor child arrived at an age to fulfil all your hopes, and then you might have lost him." GRAY.

A person is said to keep the law when he does not commit any violent breach of it; he observes every minutia in the law if he is anxious to show himself a good citizen; by this conduct he fulfils the intentions of the legislator: St. Paul recommends to Christians to keep the faith, which they can never do effectually, unless they observe all the precepts of our Saviour, and thereby fulfil the law: children may keep silence when they are desired; but it is seldom in their power to observe it as a rule, because they have not sufficient understanding.

To perform is to carry through by simple action or labor; it is more particularly applicable to the ordinary and regular business of life; we perform a work or an office;

When those who round the wasted fires remain, Perform the last sad office to the slain. DRYDEN. One executes according to the intentions of others; the soldier executes the orders of his general; the merchant executes the commissions of his correspondent; 'He casts into the balance the promise of a reward to such as should execute, and of punishment to such as should neglect, their commission.' SOUTH. One fulfils according to the wishes and expectations of others; it is the part of an honest man to enter into no engagements which he cannot fulfil; it is the part of a dutiful son, by diligence and assiduity, to endeavour to fulfil the expectations of an anxious parent;

If on my wounded breast thou drop'st a tear,

Think for whose sake my breast that wound did bear,
And faithfully my last desires fulfil,

As I perform my cruel father's will. One performs according to circumstances, what suits one's own convenience and purposes; every good man is anxious to perform his part in life with credit and advantage to himself and others; He effectually performed his part with great integrity, learning, and acuteness; with the exactness of a scholar, and the judgement of a complete divine.' WATERLAND.

TO EFFECT, PRODUCE, PERFORM. The two latter are in reality included in the former; what is effected is both produced and performed; but what is produced or performed is not always effected; effect (v. Accomplish), signifies to make out any thing; produce, from the Latin produco, signifies literally to draw forth; perform, compounded of per and form, signifies to form thoroughly or carry through.

To produce, signifies to bring something forth or into existence; to perform, to do something to the end to effect is to produce by performing: whatever is effected is the consequence of a specific design; it always requires therefore a conscious agent to effect; The united powers of hell are joined together for the destruction of mankind, which they effected in part.' ADDISON. What is produced may follow incidentally, or arise from the action of an irrational agent or an inanimate object; Though prudence does in a great measure produce our good or ill fortune, there are many unforeseen occurrences which pervert the finest schemes that can be laid by human wisdom.' ADDISON. What is performed is done by specific efforts; it is therefore, like what is effected, the consequence of design, and requires a rational agent, Where there is a power to perform, God does not accept the will.' SOUTH.

Effect respects both the end and the means by which it is brought about; we speak of the object to be effected, and the way of effecting it: produce has

a particular reference to the end or the thing produced; perform to the means or to the course pursued. No person ought to calculate on effecting a reformation in the morals of men, without the aid of religion. Small changes in society often produce great evils. The performance of a person's duty is estimated according as it is faithful or otherwise.

mind of the agent himself; to perform, of that which To effect is said of that which emanates from the is marked out by rule, or prescribed by another. A true Christian is always happy when he can effect a effect a purpose; we perform a part, a duty, or office. reconciliation between parties who are at variance: it is a laudable ambition to strive to perform one's part creditably in society.

EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT, EFFECTUAL, EFFICACIOUS.

Effective signifies capable of effecting; efficient signifies literally effecting; effectual and efficacious signify having the effect, or possessing the power to effect. The former two are used only in regard to physical objects, the latter two in regard to moral objects. An army or a military force is effective; "I should suspend my congratulations on the new liberties of France, until I was informed how it had been combined with government, with the discipline of the armies, and the collection of an effective revenue.' BURKE. A cause is efficient; No searcher has yet found the efficient cause of sleep.' JOHNSON. remedy or cure is effectual; Nothing so effectually deadens the taste of the sublime, as that which is A medicine is effica

A

light and radiant.' BURKE. cious, and in the moral sense motives or measures are termed efficacious.

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The end or result is effectual, the means are effica cious. No effectual stop can be put to the vices of the lower orders, while they have a vicious example from their superiors; Sometimes the sight of the altar, and decent preparations for devotion, may compose and recover the wandering mind more effectually than a sermon.' SOUTH. A seasonable exercise of severity on an offender is often very efficacious in quelling a spirit of insubordination. When a thing is farther measures; that which has been proved to be not found effectual, it is requisite to have recourse to farther measures; that which has been proved to be inefficacious should never be adopted; He who stroys many efficacious motives for practising worthy labours to lessen the dignity of human nature, de

actions.' WARTON.

VAIN, INEFFECTUAL, FRUITLESS.

Vain, v. Idle; ineffectual, that is, not effectual (v. Effective); fruitless, that is, without fruit, signifies not producing the desired fruit of one's labor.

These epithets are all applied to our endeavours;

EFFECT, CONSEQUENCE, RESULT,
ISSUE, EVENT.

Effect signifies that which is effected or produced by an operating cause; consequence, in French consequence, Latin consequentia, from consequor to follow, signifies that which follows in connexion with something else; result, in French resulte, Latin resulto or resultus and resilio to rebound, signifies that which springs or bounds back from another thing; event has the same signification as given under the head of Accident; issue signifies that which issues or flows out of another thing.

Effect and consequence agree in expressing that which follows any thing, but the former marks what follows from a connexion between the two objects; the term consequence is not thus limited: an effect is that which necessarily flows out of the cause, between which the connexion is so intimate that we cannot think of the one without the other. In the nature of things, causes will have effects; and for every effect there will be a cause: a consequence, on the other hand, may be either casual or natural; it is that on which we cannot calculate. Effect applies either to physical or moral objects, consequence only to moral subjects.

There are many diseases which are the effects of mere intemperance: an imprudent step in one's first

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Consequences flow of themselves from the nature of things; results are drawn. Consequences proceed from actions in general; results proceed from particular efforts and attempts. Consequences are good or bad; Jealousy often draws after it a fatal train of consequences.' ADDISON. Results are successful or unsuccessful; The state of the world is continually changing, and none can tell the result of the next vicissitude.' JOHNSON.

We endeavour to avert consequences which threaten to be bad; we endeavour to produce results that are according to our wishes. Not to foresee the consequences which are foreseen by others, evinces a more than ordinary share of indiscretion and infatuation. To calculate on a favorable result from an ill-judged and ill-executed enterprise, only proves a consistent blindness in the projector.

consequences

The term event respects great undertakings; issue particular efforts; consequence respects every thing which can produce a consequence. Hence we speak of the event of a war; the issue of a negociation; and the of either. The measures of government are often unjustly praised or blamed according to the event; It has always been the practice of mankind to judge of actions by the event.' JOHNSON. The fate of a nation sometimes hangs on the issue of a battle; A mild, unruffled, self-possessing mind is a blessing more important to real felicity than all that can be gained by the triumphant issue of some violent contest. BLAIR. The conquest of a nation is one of the consequences which follows the defeat of its armies; Henley in one of his advertisements had mentioned Pope's treatment of Savage; this was supposed by Pope to be the consequence of a complaint made by Savage to Henley, and was therefore mentioned by him with much resentment.' JOHNSON. We must be prepared for events, which are frequently above our control: we must exert ourselves to bring about a favorable issue: address and activity will go far towards ensuring success: but if after all our efforts we still fail, it is our duty to submit with patient resignation to the consequences.

TO ARISE, PROCEED, ISSUE, SPRING, FLOW, EMANATE.

Arise in its original meaning signifies to go upwards (v. To arise), but is here taken in the sense of coming out from; proceed, in Latin procedo, that is pro and cedo to go, signifies to go forth; issue, in French issue, comes from the Latin isse or ivisse, infinitive

of eo, and the Hebrew to go out; spring, in German springen, comes from rinnen to run like water, and is connected with the Greek ßpús to pour out; flow, in Saxon fleowan, Low German flogan, High German fliessen, Latin fluo, &c. all from the Greek Bauw or Bauta, which is an onomatopeïa expressing the murmur of waters; emanate, in Latin emanatus, participle of emano, compounded of mano to flow, from the Hebrew ' and Chaldeep waters, expressing the motion of waters.

The idea of one object coming out of another is expressed by all these terms, but they differ in the circumstances of the action. What comes up out of a body and rises into existence is said to arise, as the mist which rises or arises out of the sea;

From roots hard hazels, and from scions rise
Tall ash, and taller oak that mates the skies.
DRYDEN.

What comes forth as it were gradually into observation is said to proceed;

Teach me the various labours of the moon, And whence proceed the eclipses of the sun. DRYDEN. Thus the light proceeds from a certain quarter of the heavens, or from a certain part of a house: what comes out from a small aperture is said to issue; thus perspiration issues through the pores of the skin; water issues sometimes from the sides of rocks: what comes out in a sudden or quick manner, or comes from some remote source, is said to spring; thus blood springs from an artery which is pricked; water springs up out of the earth: what comes out in quantities or in a stream is said to flow; thus blood flows from a wound to emanate is a species of flowing by a natural operation, when bodies send forth, or seem to send forth, particles of their own composition from themselves; thus light emanates from the sun.

This distinction in the signification of these terms is kept up in their moral acceptation, where the idea of one thing originating from another is common to them all; but in this case arise is a general term, which simply implies the coming into existence; but proceed conveys also the idea of a progressive movement into existence. Every object therefore may be said to arise out of whatever produces it; but it proceeds from it only when it is gradually produced: evils are continually arising in human society for which there is no specific remedy; The greatest misfortunes men fall into arise from themselves.' STEELE. In complicated disorders it is not always possible to say precisely from what the complaint of the patient proceeds;

But whence proceed these hopes, or whence this dread,
If nothing really can affect the dead? JENYNS.

Issue is seldom used but in application to sensible objects; yet we may say, in conformity to the original meaning, that words issue from the mouth;

As when some huntsman with a flying spear
From the blind thicket wounds a stately deer,

The idea of a quantity and a stream is preserved in the moral use of the terms flow and emanate; but the former may be said of that which is not inherent in the body: the latter respects that only which forms a component part of the body: God is the spring whence all our blessings flow: all authority emanates from God, who is the supreme source of all things: theologians, when speaking of God, say that the Son emanates from the Father, and the Holy Ghost from the Father and the Son, and that grace flows upon us incessantly from the inexhaustible treasures of Divine mercy; "As light and heat flow from the sun as their centre, so bliss and joy flow from the Deity.' Blair. 'As in the next world so in this, the only solid blessings are owing to the goodness of the mind, not the extent of the capacity; friendship here is an emanation from the same source as beatitude there.' POPE.

TO RISE, ISSUE, EMERGE.

To rise (v. To arise) may either refer to open or enclosed spaces; issue (v. To arise), and emerge, in Latin emergo to rise out of, have both a reference to some confined body: a thing may either rise in a

body, without a body, or out of a body; but they issue and emerge out of a body. A thing may either rise in a plain or a wood; it issues out of a wood: it may either rise in water or out of the water; it thing comes into view by becoming higher in this emerges from the water; that which rises out of a manner an air balloon might rise out of a wood;

Ye mists and exhalations that now rise,

In honour to the world's great author rise. MILTON. That which issues comes out in a line with the object; horsemen issue from a wood; that which issues comes from the very depths of it, and comes as it were out as a part of it; Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits and productions that issue from it?' SOUTH. That which emerges proceeds from the thing in which it has been, as it were, concealed;

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Let earth dissolve, yon ponderous orbs descend, And grind us into dust, the soul is safe,

The man emerges. YOUNG.

Hence in a moral or extended application, a person is said to rise in life without a reference to his former condition; but he emerges from obscurity: color rises in the face; but words issue from the mouth.

OFFSPRING, PROGENY, ISSUE. Offspring is that which springs off or from; progeny that which is brought forth or out of; issue that which issues or proceeds from; and all in relation to the family or generation of the human species. Off spring is a familiar term applicable to one or many children; progeny is employed only as a collective noun for a number; issue is used in an indefinite manner without particular regard to number. When we speak of the children themselves, we denominate them the offspring; The same cause that has drawn the hatred of God and man upon the father of liars may justly entail it upon his offspring too.' SOUTH. When we speak of the parents, we denominate the children their progeny;

The base, degen'rate iron offspring ends,

A golden progeny from Heav'n descends. DRYden. A child is said to be the only offspring of his parents, or he is said to be the offspring of low parents; a man is said to have a numerous or a healthy progeny, or to leave his progeny in circumstances of honor and prosperity. The issue is said only in regard to a man that is deceased: he dies with male or female issue; with or without issue; his property descends to his male issue in a direct line;

Next him King Leyr, in happy place long reigned,
But had no issue male him to succeed. SPENCER.

ORIGIN, ORIGINAL, BEGINNING, RISE,

SOURCE.

Origin and original both come from the Latin orior to rise: the former designating the abstract property of rising; the latter the thing that is risen. The origin is said only of things that rise; the original is said of those which give an origin to another the origin serves to date the existence of a thing; the original serves to show the author of a thing, and is opposed to the copy. The origin of the world is described in the first chapter of Genesis ; Adam was the original from whom all the human race has sprung;

And had his better half, his bride,

Carv'd from th* original, his side. BUTLER. The origin has respect to the cause; the beginning to the period of existence: every thing owes its existence to the origin; it dates its existence from the beginning there cannot be an origin without a beginning; but there may be a beginning where we do not speak of an origin. "We look to the origin of a thing

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in order to learn its nature; Christianity explains the origin of all the disorders which at present take place on earth.' BLAIR. We look to the beginning in order to learn its duration or other circumstances;

But wit and weaving had the same beginning, Pallas first taught in poetry and spinuing. Swift. When we have discovered the origin of a quarrel, we are in a fair way of becoming acquainted with the aggressors; when we trace a quarrel to the beginning, we may easily ascertain how long it has lasted.

The origin and the rise are both employed for the primary state of existence; but the latter is a much more familiar term than the former: we speak of the origin of an empire, the origin of a family, the origin of a dispute, and the like; but we say that a river takes its rise from a certain mountain, that certain disorders take their rise from particular circumstances which happen in early life: it is moreover observable that the origin is confined solely to the first commencement of a thing's existence; but the rise comprehends its gradual progress in the first stages of its existence; The friendship which is to be practised or expected by common mortals must take its rise from mutual pleasure.' JOHNSON. The origin of the noblest families is in the first instance sometimes ignoble; the largest rivers take their rise in small streams. We look to the origin as to the cause of existence: we look to the rise as to the situation in which the thing commences to exist, or the process by which it grows up into existence. It is in vain to attempt to search the origin of evil, unless, as we find it explained in the word of God. Evil diseases take their rise in certain parts of the body, and after lying for some time dormant, break out in after life.

The origin and rise are said of only one object; the source is said of that which produces a succession of objects: the origin of evil in general has given rise to much speculation; the love of pleasure is the source of incalculable mischiefs to individuals, as well as to society at large;

Famous Greece,

That source of art and cultivated thought
Which they to Rome, and Romans hither brought.
WALLER.

The origin exists but once; the source is lasting; 'One source of the sublime is infinity.' BURKE. The origin of every family is to be traced to our first parent, Adam: we have a never-failing source of consolation in religion.

TO BEGIN, COMMENCE, ENTER UPON..

Begin, in German beginnen, is compounded of be and ginnen, probably a frequentative of gehen to go, signifying to go first to a thing; commence, in French commencer, is not improbably derived from the Latin commendo, signifying to betake one's self to a thing; enter, in Latin intro within, signifies, with the preposition upon, to go into a thing.