271. The new system of Money, Weights, and Measu France, adopted in 1795, was formed according to the d Notation. FRENCH MONEY. 272. The Franc is the unit money of the new systo French currency. It is a silver coin, consisting of pu ver, and of alloy. Note. The value of a franc by Act of Congress in 1843, is $.180 value of the livre tournois, the former unit of money, is $.185. FRENCH LINEAR MEASURE. 273. The standard unit of the French Linear Meas the Metre. Its length, according to the mean of the severa parisons of Troughton, Nicollet and Hassler, is equal to 39.38 English, or United States inches. Note.-1. The standard by which the new French measures of ler determined, is the quadrant of a meridian of the earth, or the terres. from the equator to the pole, in the meridian of Paris. The ten-million of this arc is called a metre, which is equal to 39.378 U. S. in., nearly 2. The metre is divided into 10 decimetres; the decimetre into 10 cent the centimetre into 10 millimetres. 3. The denominations of the old system of linear measure were t foot, inch, line, and point. 12 points=1 line; 12 lines 1 inch; 1 foot: 6 ft. 1 toise. The old French foot was equal to 1.055 U. S. fec 4. Ry a decree of 1812, the Toise, Aune, Foot, &c., are allowed to having the following ratios to the metre, viz: the toise=2 metres; th metre; the inch= tolitrc. metre; the aune or ell=14 metre; the bushel. FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE. 274. The unit of French Superficial Measure, is the Are, whose sides are each a decametre in length; consequently, it contains 100 square metres, or 119.6648496 U. S. sq. yds. Note. The are is divided into 10 deciares; the decare into 10 centiares; the centiare into 10 milliares. FRENCH CUBIC MEASURE. 275. The unit of French Cubic Measure, is the Stere, which is a cubic metre, and is equal to 61074.1564445 cu. in. U. S. 10 decisteres make 1 stere = 35.34384 cu. ft. U. S. FRENCH LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE. 276. The unit of French Liquid and Dry Measures, is called the Litre, which is a cubic decimetre, and is equal to 61.0741564445 cu. in. U. S., or 1.05756 qts. wine measure. 10 litres make 1 decalitre = --- Note. The litre is divided into 10 decilitres; the decilitre into 10 centilitres; the centilitre into 10 millilitres. FRENCH WEIGHTS. 277. The unit of French Weights, is the weight of a cubic centimetre of distilled water, at the maximum density, and is called the Gramme. It is equal to 15.433159 grains Troy. Note.-1. The gramme is divided into 10 decigrammes; the decigramme into 10 centigrammes; the centigramme into 10 milligrammes. 2. The denomination chiefly used in making out invoices of goods sold by weight, and in business transactions, is the kilogramme, which is equal to 1000 grammes, or 2.21 lbs. avordupois, very nearly. 3. In the old system of French weight, the livre-poids=2 marcs; the marc =8 onces; the once-8 gros; the gros=72 grains. The livre is equal to onehalf the kilogramme. FRENCH CIRCULAR MEASURE. 278. The circle is divided into 400 equal parts, called grades, and the quadrant into 100 grades. The grade is again divided into 100 equal parts, and each of these parts is subdivided into 100 other equal parts, according to the centesimal scale. Hence, Note.-The names of the denominations larger than the unit in the French Compound Numbers, are formed by prefixing to the name of the unit, the Greek words, deca, hecto, kilo, and myria; those less than the unit, are formed by prefixing to the name of the unit, the Latin words, deci, centi, and milli. 279. Foreign Weights and Measures compared with those of the United States.* Amsterdam.—100 lbs. (1 centner)=108.923 lbs.†; 1 last=85.25 bu.; 1 ahm= 41 gals.; 1 foot Amsterdam=114 in.; 1 foot Antwerp=114 in.; 1 ell Amsterdam 2.26 ft.; 1 ell Brabant=2.3ft.; 1 ell Hague-2.28 ft. Batavia.-1 picul=136 lbs.; 1 kann=.39 gal.; 1 ell=2.25 ft. Bengal.-1 haut=1.5 ft.; 1 guz=3 ft.; 1 coss or mile-1.24 miles; 1 bazar maud=82.14 lbs.; 1 factory maud=74.66 lbs. Bencoolen.-1 bahar=560 lbs. ; 1 bamboo-1 gal.; 1 coyang=8 gals. Bremen.-1 pound=1.1 lb.; 1 centner=116 lbs. ; 1 last=80.7 bu.; 1 ft. 11 in. * McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary; also Kelly's Universal Cambist. ↑ The pounds in this and the following comparisons are avoirdupois. Genoa-100 lbs. (1 peso grosso)=763 lbs. ; 1 peso sottile=69.89 lbs.; 1 mina 3.43 bu.; 1 mezzarola 39,22 gals.; 1 palmo=94 in. Hamburg.*--1 foot=11.3 in.; 1 ell=22.6 in. nearly; 1 ell Brabant=27.6 in.; 1 mile=4.68 miles; 1 fass=14 bu.; 1 last=89.64 bu.; 1 ahm=38 gals. Japan.-i catti=1.3 lbs; 1 picul=130 lbs. ; 1 ichan=3 ft.; 1 inc or tetamy =6 ft.; 1 balec=164 gals. Madras.-1 covid=14 ft.; 1 catty-1 lbs.; 1 picul=133 lbs.; 1 maud= palmo= 10 in.; 1 tomolo=1.45 bu.; 1 carro 52.24 bu. ; 1 carro of wine=264 gals. Netherlands.-1 ell=3.23 ft.; 1 mudde=2.84 bu.; 1 kan litre=2.11 pints; 1 vat hectolitre 26.42 gals.; 1 pond kilogramme=2.21 lbs. Portugal.-100 lbs. =101.19 lbs. ; 1 arroba=22.26 lbs.; 1 quintal=89.05 lbs. ; 1 almude 4.37 gals.; 1 alquiere=44 bu.; 1 moyo=23.03 bu.; 1 last=70 bu. ; 1 pe or foot=125 in.; 1 mile 13 mile. Prussia.-100 lbs=103.11 lbs.; 1 quintal (110 lbs.)=113.42 lbs. ; 1 eimar= 18.14 gal.; 1 scheffel-1.56 bu.; 1 foot=1.03 ft.; 1 ell-2.19 ft.; 1 mile= 4.68 miles. Rome.-100 libras=74.77 lbs. ; 1 rubbio 9.36 bu.; 1 barile=15.31 gals.; 1 foot =11 in.; 1 canna=64 ft.; 1 mile=72 fur. Russia.-100 lbs. 90.26 lbs. ; 1 berquit=361.04 lbs.; 40 lbs. (1 pood)= 36 lbs. ; 1 vedro 34 guls.; 1 chetwert=5.95 bu.; 1 foot Petersburg=1.18 ft.f; 1 foot Moscow=1.1 ft.; 1 arsheen-2 ft.; 1 mile (verst)=5.3 fur. Sicily.-100 lbs. (libras)=70 lbs.; 1 cantaro grosso 192.5 lbs.; 1 cantaro sottile 175 lbs.; 1 salma generale 7.85 bu.; 1 salma grossa=9.77 bu.; 1 salma of wine-23.06 gals.; 1 palmo=94 in.; 1 canna=6} ft. Spain.-1 arroba=25.36 lbs. ; 1 quintal 101.44 lbs.; 1 arroba of wine= 4 gals.; 1 moyo=68 gals.; 1 fanega 1.6 bu.; 1 foot-11.128 in.; 1 vara= 2.78 ft.; 1 league (leagua) = 4.3 m., nearly. Sweden.-100 lbs. (victualie)=73.76 lbs. ; 1 foot-11.69 in.; 1 ell=1.95 ft.; 1 mile 6.64 m.; 1 kann 7.42 bu.; 1 last 75 bu.; 1 kann of wine= 69.09 gals. Smyrna.-100 lbs. (1 quintal)=129.48 lbs.; 1 oke 2.83 lbs.; 1 quillot= 1.46 bu.; 1 quillot of wine 13.5 gals.; 1 pic=2} ft. Trieste.-100 lbs. 123.6 lbs; 1 stajo 2 bu.; 1 orna, or eimer=14.94 gals.; 1 ell (for silk)=2.1 ft.; 1 ell (for woollen)=2.2 ft.; 1 foot Austrian=1.037 ft.; 1 mile Austrian =4.6 m. Venice.-100 lbs. (1pesso grosso)=105.18 lbs.; 1 peso sottile 64.42 lbs.; 1 stajo =2.27 bu.; 1 mcggio -9.03 bu.; 1 anifora=137 gals.; 1 foot-1.14 ft ; 1 braccio (for silk)=24.8 in.; 1 braccio (for woollen)=28.6 in. * New system of weights and measures adopted in 1843. In measuring timber English feet and inches are chiefly used throughout Russia. 280. The process of changing compound numbers from denomination into another, without altering their value, is c REDUCTION. Ex. 1. Reduce £5, 2s. 7d. and 3 far. to farthings. Analysis. Since in £1 there are 20s., in £5 there are 5 t as many, which is 100s., and 2, (the given shillings,) make 1 Again, since there are 12d. in 1s., in 102s. there are 102 t as many, which is equal to 1224d., and 7 (the given pence) 1231d. Finally, since in 1d. there are 4 far., in 1231d. ther 1231 times as many, or 4924 far., and 3, (the given far.,) 4927 far. Ans. 4927 farthings. £ Operation. 5 2 7 3. 102 shillings. 12d. in 1s. 1231 pence. 4 far in 1d. 4927 far. Ans. We first reduce the given pounds to lings, by multiplying them by 20, bec 20s. make £1. (Art. 247.) We nex duce the shillings to pence, by mult ing them by 12, because 12d. make 1s. nally, we reduce the pence to farthing multiplying them by 4, because 4 make 1d. Note.-1. In this example it is required to reduce higher denominatio lower; as pounds to shillings, shillings to pence, &c. This is done b cessive multiplications. 2. In 4927 farthings, how many pounds, shillings, and pe Analysis. Since 4 far. make 1d., in 4927 farthings, ther as many pence as 4 is contained times in 4927, which is 12 and 3 far. over. Again, since 12d. make 1s., in 1231d. ther as many shillings as 12 is contained times in 1231, whi 102s., and 7d. over. Finally, since 20s. make £1, in 102s. QUEST.-280. What is Reduction? How are pounds reduced to shillings? Wh tiply by 20? How are shillings reduced to pence? Why? How pence to farthings? |