of honesty. During centuries of Mogul rule, almost every rural officer was paid by fees, and every official act had to be purchased. It is difficult to discriminate between fees and bribes, and such a system was in itself sufficient to corrupt the whole administration. It has taken two generations to eradicate this old taint from the native official mind. But a generation has now sprung up from whose minds it has been eradicated, and who are, therfore, fitted to take a much larger share in the administration than the natives of 50 years ago. I believe that it will be impossible to deny them a larger share in the administration. There are departments, conspicuously those of Law and Justice and Finance, in which the natives will more and more supplant the highly-paid imported officials from England. There are other departments, such as the Medical, the Customs, the Telegraph, and the Post Office, in which the working establishments now consist of natives of India, and for which the superintending staff will, in a constantly increasing degree, be also recruited from them. The appointment of a few natives annually to the Covenanted Civil Service will not solve the problem. By all means give the natives every facility for entering that service. But the salaries of the Covenanted Service are regulated, not by the rates for local labour, but by the cost of imported officials. If we are to govern the Indian people efficiently and cheaply we must govern them by means of themselves, and pay for the administration at the market rates for native labour. We must, moreover, not only realize the increased capacity of the natives to administer their country; we must also realize the great change which has taken place in the physical aspects of administration. Mr. Hunter then pointed out the new conditions produced by steam and the telegraph, and concluded that as respects military arrangements the necessity for separate head-quarter establishments for the three Presidencies had become a thing of the past. But while reductions, he said, can thus be effected both in the civil administration by the larger employment of natives, and in the military expenditure by re-organizing the three armies in accordance with the altered physical facts of the country, such reductions would not alone suffice to meet the constantly-increasing demands for expenditure. I have shown how the cost of police, justice, and education has more than doubled since the last year of the company in 1857. The civil administration as a whole discloses an equal increase, and, in spite of deductions in certain departments, has risen from a net charge of 7 millions sterling in 1857 to a net charge of 13 millions in 1880. The same cause which has led to this increase of expenditure in the past 22 years will compel a yet further increase in the next 22 years. We now educate under two millions of pupils in our Indian schools. Before 20 years have elapsed I hope we shall be educating over four millions. For every square mile now protected by irrigation works there will then be nearer two square miles. For every native doctor and schoolmaster there will probably be three. No severity of retrenchment in the existing expenditure, no reorganization of the existing establishments, will suffice to meet the outlay thus involved. The Indian people find themselves face to face with the necessity for a steadily increasing revenue, and there is no use in shirking the fact. How is the additional revenue to be raised? Indian Finance Ministers have already answered this question. They have shown that it is possible, through the agency of local government, to increase the revenue by means which they would have found it very difficult, perhaps very dangerous, to enforce as parts of an Imperial Central policy. A great department of provincial finance has thus been created since the country passed to the Crown, and now yields a net revenue of several millions. As the local demands for improvements in the administration increase, these demands will be met to some extent by local taxation. A tax is a tax, however it may be levied; but in India, as in England, it is possible to do by local rates what it would be very difficult to do by a general impost. As the rapidly rising municipal institutions develop and the area of the operations of the Local District Boards extends some further relief may be thus obtained for the Imperial revenues. In this way local selfgovernment in India has obtained an importance which no one would have ventured to predict 20 years ago, and may, before 20 years are over, have become a financial necessity. While additional resources may thus be hoped for from local taxation, the Imperial revenues have not stood still. Many of the items increase from natural causes. Thus, the land revenue has risen from a net sum of 14 millions in 1857, to 18 millions in 1880. As the population multiplies they consume more salt, more excisable commodities of every kind; and as the trade of the country develops, the revenue from stamps, registration, and miscellaneous items increases with it. The revenues of India are by no means stationary, but they do not augment with the same rapidity as the increased demands upon them. Under the Company almost the whole revenues were supplied by indirect taxation; the Queen's Government has been forced to introduce direct taxation. Twenty years ago the income-tax was introduced into India as a purely temporary measure. Its temporary character has again and again been re-asserted, various disguises have been substituted for it, and it has now become an established source of Indian revenue. Pupil Teachers' Examination Papers. CANDIDATES.-1. Fina, by Practice, the difference in cost between 190 articles at £1 5s. 6d. each, and 198 articles at 17s. 11 d. each. 2. If I can buy 21 cwts. 3 qrs. 21 lbs. of cheese for £93 12s., what should be paid for 34 cwts. of the same sort ? 3. If 56 men earn £228 12s, in 311⁄2 days, how many working for 3 days, should be paid £19 1s.? of these men, 4. A man who owes £9,619 14s. 6d. can pay only 1s. 8d. in the £. What are his effects worth? 1. Find the cost of 3,764 articles at £18 14s. 7 d. each. 2. What is the value of 17 tons 16 cwts. 2 qrs. 7 lbs. at £6 7s. 10d. per cwt. ? 3. What would be the cost of constructing a telegraph for a distance of 590 miles 7 fur. 4 poles at £386 10s. per mile? 4. Make out the following bill:-49 pairs of blankets at 19s. 9d. per pair; 217 yards of muslin at ls. 6d. per yard; 91 pairs of stockings at 1s. 9d. per pair; 231 yards of calico at 10d. per yard; 126 pairs of gloves at 3s. 3d. per pair. 1. Point out and parse all the adjectives and verbs in the following: ""Tis merry, 'tis merry in Fairyland, When fairy birds are singing, When the court doth ride by their monarch's side, And gaily shines the Fairyland, But all is glistening show; Like the idle gleam that December's beam Can dart on ice and snow." 2. In comparing adjectives, when do you add er and est, and when Give examples. more and most? 3. Give the feminine gender of the following words:-Bachelor, bridegroom, lord, earl, nephew. t 1. Which are the most indented parts of the coast of Great Britain? And which are the least indented ? Show that your answer is right by describing minutely the parts of the coast which you mention. 2. Describe, as fully as you can, the islands in the German Ocean, the English Channel, and the Irish Sea, not including Great Britain or Ireland. 3. Trace, in words, the course of a traveller from Edinburgh, by Stirling, Loch Lomond, and Oban, to Inverness, describing, as minutely as you can, what he would see on his journey. PUPIL TEACHERS AT END OF FIRST YEAR. 1. If 1.683 lbs of gold be worth £81, how many ounces of gold can be had for £8*1098 ? 2. What is the cost of 1 article when 13373 of them cost £3780 17s. 93 d. P 3. I paid £09375 for an ounce of seed, how much would ⚫09375 lbs. of this seed cost? 4. Find in £ s. d. a quarter's rent of 27·832 acres of land at £1·225 per acre per annum. 1. If the net income of an estate, after paying ali taxes, be £534 15s., and the gross income be £570 8s., how much in the £ did the taxes amount to ? 2. The sixpenny loaf weighs 34 lbs. when wheat is 50s. a quarter; what will it weigh when wheat is 40s. 3d. a quarter ? | 3. I borrow £175 10s. for ten months when money is worth 5 per cent.; how much must I lend in return for 12 months, when money is worth 3 per cent.? 4. If the price of 100 bricks, of which the length, breadth, and thickness are 16, 8, 10 in. respectively, be 5s. 4d., what will be the price of 9,760, bricks which are one-fourth greater in every dimension? 1. "All silent there they stood and still, Like the loose crags whose threatening mass As if an infant's touch could urge Their headlong passage down the verge, With step and weapon forward flung, Upon the mountain side they hung." (a) Point out and parse all the adverbs and pronouns in the above. (b) Show from the above that an adjective may seem to govern a word in the objective case; explain the construction and give other examples. 2. How would you parse the prepositions in the following ? "He had a box to bring home groceries in." "It was a thing I was used to.".. 1. Which are the most indented parts of the coast of Great Britain, and which are the least indented? Show that your answer is right by describing minutely the parts of the coast which you mention. 2. Draw a map of Holland, and describe the character and habits of the people. If you can, mention any facts in their history which throw light on their character. 3. Say what you know about Nice, Turin, Milan, Como, Venice, Florence, Brindisi, Spartivento, and Palermo. 1. Write down the names and dates of-1. Our Norman kings; 2. Our Sovereigns of the House of Tudor; 3. Our Sovereigns of the House of Hanover. PUPIL TEACHERS AT END OF SECOND YEAR.-1. To what sum will £320 amount in 6 years at 2 per cent. per annum, simple interest? 2. In how many years will £250 amount to £500 at 8.8 per cent. per annum, simple interest? 3. Find the difference between 1:625 per cent. of 00088 of a million of money and 3 per cent. of the same sum. 4. If £194 17s. 6d. will gain £29 4s. 7 d. in three years, find the principal which will, at the same rate of simple interest, amount to £56 17s 6d. in five years. 1. Find the sum of 387 + 285 + 394; and of 3,704. (a) Analyse the principal sentences in the above. (b) Parse the words in italics. (c) There is a verb in the above which is in the subjunctive mood. Point it out, and state why you think it is in that mood. (d) Point out all the conjunctions in the above, and show what sentences they join together. 1. Which are the most indented parts of the coast of Great Britain ? And which are the least indented?' Show that your answer is right by describing minutely the parts of the coast which you mention. 2. Draw a map of British North America, showing the physical features and the position of the different colonies. 3. Name four important towns in Hindostan, not including Calcutta, Madras, or Bombay; and describe minutely the position and character of each. 1. How long were the Romans engaged in conquering Britain ? What explanation of the length of time would you give to a class? 2. What circumstances towards the close of the Saxon period prepared the way for the Norman Conquest ? 3. Which of the Plantagenet kings made most efforts to extend their dominion within the British Isles ? How far were their efforts successful? Write full notes of a lesson on the meaning of a decimal fraction. 1. Find a point which is equidistant from the angles of a given triangle. 2. If one side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle is greater than either of the interior opposite angles. 3. If two triangles have two angles of the one equal to two angles of the other, each to each, and one side equal to one side, viz., either the sides adjacent to the equal angles in each, or the sides opposite to them, then shall the other sides be equal, each to each, and also the third angle of the one equal to the third angle of the other. PUPIL TEACHERS AT END OF SECOND YEAR.-1. What sum will amount to £734 17s. 4d. in 4 years, simple interest being given at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum? 2. A sum of £3,000 is to be divided among A, B, C, so that B shall have 100 per cent. more than A, and C 50 per cent. more than B. What will they each receive if 10 per cent. of the money be first given to a local charity? 3. I bought 96 articles at £1 Os. 24d. each, and sold the lot at a gain of 12 per cent. How much did I receive, and how much did I gain? 4. After investing £1,848 in the three per cents. at 88 the stocks rose, and I sold out so as to realise a gain of £49 17s. 6d. What was then the price of the stocks? 1. Find the quotient of (7 of+1) by 0005. 2. Simplify, expressing the result in a fractional and decimal form— ⚫015 × 2.1 3. A man walked in four days 60 miles; in each of the three first days he walked an equal distance, in the fourth day he walked 13.95 miles; find the amount of his daily walking. 4. A person has 1875 of a mine; he sells 17 of his share; what fractional part of the mine has he still left? 1. "Ye fragrant clouds of dewy steam, By which deep grove and tangled stream Upon our thankless, joyless sight?" (a) Analyse the principal sentence in the above. (b) Show that the subordinate sentence in the above is an adjective sentence, and give other examples of sentences of the same kind. (c) Give, in your |