"I see no excuse for you, and I hereby sentence you to an indefinite term in the Waiters' Penitentiary. Officer, lead him away."-J. VERENS.

What kind of sentences do the words who, which, what, whose, and whom in "The Thief" introduce? What kind of pronouns are they?

Find other sentences using each of these words as interrogative pronouns.

What are the cases of who? whose? whom? Are there any other inflected forms of who?

What and which have no inflected forms in regular use.

NOTE: Whose is sometimes used as the possessive of which; as, "Which sling did you use?" "The one whose father was an old boot top."

Who is used of persons only.

What as a pronoun is not used of persons.
Which refers to either persons or things.

Which always refers to one of a particular number or group, as "Which of you has done this?" Who, and what ask about any person or thing in general; as, Who are you?” "What have we here?"

Which and what are sometimes adjectives, as "which boy got the ball?” "What books have you read?" Write sentences of your own, using who, which and what as interrogative pronouns.

LXXXI

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

(1)

A man who finds not satisfaction in himself, seeks for

it in vain elsewhere.

The keenest pleasure is that which others share with us. There are reproaches that praise, and praises that reproach.

In the above sentences we find the pronouns who, which, what, and that.

All but that we have studied before. What kind of pronouns were they in "The Thief”?

Do they ask questions in the above sentences?

What do they do?

Who, in the first sentence, does two things. It is the subject of the predicate finds not satisfaction and it refers to the word man. It shows the relation between the principal clause and the dependent clause. Who is a relative pronoun. Man is its antecedent. (Antecedent means that which goes before.)

A relative pronoun shows the relation between a dependent clause and the principal clause. It refers to a noun or pronoun in the principal clause which is called the antecedent.

1. No man can answer for his courage who has never been in danger. - ROCHEFOUCAULD.

2.

Breathes there the man with soul so dead,

Who never to himself hath said,

"This is my own, my native land"? SCOTT.

3. Drayton was a man whose memory was very uneven as to loans. He always remembered the people to whom he had made loans, but never those of whom he had borrowed.-WEST.

4. He that does not return a loan to the man that loaned it, steals the thing and robs the man.

-THE ZEND-AVESTA.

5. The shame that arises from praise which we do not deserve often makes us do things that we should never otherwise have attempted.

6. Grace is to the body what good sense is to the mind. 7. We easily excuse in our friends those faults that do not affect us. ROCHEFOUCAuld.

What is the relative pronoun in sentence 1? What is its antecedent?

Find and copy sentences containing the different relative pronouns.

Point out the antecedents and tell the use of each relative in its clause.

What kind of clauses are all those introduced by relative pronouns in sentences 1-7?

(2)

Pronouns, and indeed all words, get their names from their uses in expressing thought. So the word who, when used to ask a question, is an interrogative pronoun, and when used to show relation, is a relative pronoun.

The same is true of which and what.

There is one relative pronoun that is never an interrogative pronoun. We never introduce a question by using that. It does not express a question thought. But it is often used as an adjective. In the sentence, "do you see that cloud? is that a pronoun or an adjective?

Give sentences using that as an adjective.

What does that do in sentence 4 above? What is its antecedent?

In sentence 3 what is the case of whose? What is the case of whom? Of what is whom the object in each place?

The relative pronoun is not always the subject of the clause.

Point out the relative pronouns in each of the seven sentences, name their antecedents, and tell the use of each in its clause.

In the selection "Mr. Pickwick Slides" (page 248) find the adjective clauses. Point out the relative pro

nouns.

Name their antecedents and tell their uses in their clauses.

In the same selection find two adverbial clauses and tell what verbs they modify.

In sentence 1, on page 302, does who refer to a person or a thing?

In sentence 5, does which refer to a person or a thing?

In sentence 4, is the antecedent of that a person ? In sentence 5, is the antecedent of that a person?

The antecedent of who is always a person; of which is never a person; of that is sometimes a person and sometimes not.

In sentence 6, do you find any antecedent for what? What is a relative pronoun, but its antecedent is not expressed. It stands for that which, that being the antecedent and which being the relative.

Does what, as a relative pronoun, refer to persons or things?

LXXXII

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS - YES AND NO

Adverbs may be divided into classes :—

Adverbs of Time, as:

now, then, early, late, soon, often.

Adverbs of Place, as :

here, there, everywhere, above, below, yonder.

Adverbs of Manner, as :

well, better, thus, badly, wisely.

Adverbs of Degree, as :

quite, nearly, very, too, greatly, so, almost.

Make a definition for each adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of manner, and adverbs of degree. What question does each answer?

Modal Adverbs. In "Possibly, the planet Mars is inhabited," what does possibly modify? A few adverbs modify not merely words but whole sentences, as, perhaps, possibly, probably. They are called modal adverbs.

Yes and no are sometimes called modal adverbs. They are really independent words used alone and are usually separated from the sentence by commas.

Interrogative Adverbs. -Adverbs, like when, how, where, used to introduce a question, are called interrogative adverbs.

Conjunctive Adverbs:

When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of

Strike till the last armed foe expires.-T. B. READ.