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follows a description of Charts, with the methods of using and constructing them. The art of Surveying Coasts and Harbours, being very essential to those who visit unknown parts, is treated in a manner which it is hoped will make its acquisition and practice perfectly easy.

We come next to the application of Astronomy to Navigation, and here I have thought proper to give a short but comprehensive view of the solar system, where the Earth is considered as a Planet; and have then described the various imaginary circles of the sphere. The nature of parallax, refraction, &c., are explained under this head. The Theory of the Winds and Tides, with the methods of finding the Time of High Water, follow next in order.

The most approved Methods of ascertaining the Latitude and Longitude at Sea by Celestial Observations, also the Variation of the Compass by Amplitudes and Azimuths, are explained by proper rules and examples; there is also given a particular description, with the uses of the various Astronomical Instruments employed in taking the observations. In this part of the work I have given Mr. Douwes' Rules for computing the Latitude by two Altitudes of the Sun, and four different methods of clearing the Distance, the last of which, invented by Captain Mendoza Rios, has the advantage of not requiring any distinction of cases. The method of finding the Longitude by a Time-keeper being now much practised, the necessary rules and examples are introduced for that purpose.

The learner is next led into the Rules for keeping a Journal at Sea, wherein are exhibited the Methods of correcting the Courses for Leeway, Variation, &c., with general Rules for working a Day's Work; and the whole is illustrated by separate days' works, and further by a Journal kept from England to Madeira.

The Explanation of Sea Terms and Technical Phrases, also the substance of an Examination of a Young Sea Officer in the working and of piloting a Ship, I have inserted because, although they may be considered by some as superfluous, and not immediately connected with the subject, they nevertheless appeared to be of too much importance to others to be omitted.

With respect to the Tables in this Work, I have only to observe here, that they are published under the title of "Nautical Tables," that they have been very generally adopted by the Officers in the Navy and in the Honourable East India Company's Service, and have received the approbation of Navigators in general.

J W. NORIE.

NOTE.-It may here be observed that Norie's Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation was originally dedicated by permission "to the Honourable the Court of Directors of the United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies."

PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION

THIS latest edition of this Epitome has been necessitated by a combination of circumstances, which need no description, but which are well known to students of Navigation.

The inclusion of so much "new work." together with the remodelling of a large portion of the old, afforded an opportunity of rearranging the book in a more systematic manner, having due regard to the order in which the various subjects fit into each other, and also to the order in which the young student of Navigation might, with advantage, pursue his studies.

It will be observed that those portions of the "Science of Navigation." which have always been regarded as advanced have been placed towards the end of the book, as it was felt that to place too many difficulties in the early part of the work often resulted in the complete neglect of the whole subject by the young student at sea, who is thrown entirely on his own resources when in pursuit of knowledge.

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This work must be regarded as a "Standard Work on Navigation rather than a book for cramming purposes, and the student who goes diligently through it will be amply rewarded by a thorough knowledge of the theory and practice of Navigation, which no system of cramming can achieve.

The following new sections have been inserted in this edition: (1) Spherical Trigonometry (Napier's Rules for the solution of Right-angled and Quadrantal Spherical Triangles); (2) Figure Drawing in Nautical Astronomy; (3) Marine Surveying; (4) Chart Construction; (5) Theory of the Station Pointer and its use; (6) Barometer, Thermometer, and Hydrometer; (7) Reduction to Soundings; (8) Meteorology; (9) Deviation of the Compass and Compass Adjustment; and lastly Proofs of certain Formulæ.

The following sections have been entirely remodelled and improved : (1) Logarithms; (2) Geometry; (3) Description and Use of Charts; (4) The Compass; (5) The Sextant; (6) Introduction to Nautical Astronomy; (7) Correction of Courses; (8) Day's Work; (9) Latitude by Reduction to the Meridian (Direct Method); (10) Computation of Altitudes; (11) Latitude by Double Altitudes (Direct Method); (12) Great Circle Sailing.

By the addition of the Natural Haversine Table to Norie's Nautical Tables, where it will be found adjacent to the Log. Haversine, it has been found possible to replace some very tedious and cumbersome calculations by equally sound but much shorter methods. This will be made obvious by an examination of the last method given in the Chronometer

Problem, and also in the Computation of Altitudes, and Latitude by Double Altitude problems, where its advantages are fully exemplified.

It is earnestly recommended that the young student of Navigation should study at an early stage the principles of Plane Trigonometry, and also the application of Napier's Rules for Circular Parts to the solution of right-angled spherical trigonometry.

The practical use of Napier's Rules for Circular Parts is fully demonstrated in the Ex-Meridian, Latitude by Double Altitudes of a Star, and Great Circle Sailing problems.

My thanks are due to Mr. W. R. Courtney for the very able manner in which he has assisted me in reading the proofs of this very extended Epitome.

London, July, 1917.

J. W. SAUL.

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Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, and Reduction, of Degrees and Time.

DECIMAL ARITHMETIC

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Construction of and Examples; to find the Logarithm of any Number; to find the
Number corresponding to a given Logarithm; Multiplication, Division, Involu-
tion, Evolution, and Proportion.

Problems, Scales of Equal Parts; Lines of Chords, Rhumbs, Tangents, Sines, etc.;
to lay off and measure an Angle, etc.

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Application of Trigonometry to the Admeasurement of Heights and Distances, etc.

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

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Finding the Latitude and Longitude of a Place; To Mark the Ship's place on a Chart;
To Find the Course or Bearing, and the Distance between any two Places on a
Chart, etc.; Cross Bearings; the Four-Point Bearing and Doubling the Angle
on the Bow; Vertical and Horizontal Danger Angles; the Deviation Card and
its Use, etc.; Closing Remarks on Chart Work; Conventional Signs and
Symbols, etc.

THE STATION POINTER: Description and its Use

THE CHRONOMETER

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