The Study of PhilosophyRowman & Littlefield, 2007 M10 4 - 457 páginas This 6th edition of S. Morris Engel's engaging and critical work preserves the strengths of the earlier editions D intriguing examples and timely reflections on the major fields of philosophical inquiry (ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology) by some of the most important minds in the history of ideas (Plato, St. Thomas, Wittgenstein) D and expands the discussions of those fields. The new edition also incorporates expanded explorations of contemporary discussions in fields of continental and analytic philosophy, theories of justice, and feminism. |
Contenido
The Nature and Scope of Philosophy | 3 |
HOW PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE DIFFER | 4 |
HOW PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION DIFFER | 7 |
PHILOSOPHYS THREE MAIN AREAS | 11 |
SUMMARY | 12 |
REVIEW QUESTIONS | 13 |
It Began Here | 15 |
THE PROBLEM OF BEING | 18 |
John Stuart Mill | 223 |
Intelligent Design | 230 |
CAN PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD SUCCEED? | 232 |
RELIGIOUS BELIEF | 233 |
William James | 236 |
SUMMARY | 238 |
KEY TERMS | 240 |
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion | 242 |
Anaximander | 20 |
Anaximenes | 21 |
THE PROBLEM OF BECOMING | 22 |
Parmenides | 23 |
Zeno | 24 |
Heraclitus | 25 |
A SYNTHESIS | 27 |
SUMMARY | 31 |
KEY TERMS | 32 |
Ionian Science before Socrates | 33 |
Questions for Discussion | 43 |
Socrates And so I go about the world | 45 |
THE SOPHISTS | 46 |
SOCRATES THE MAN | 47 |
LIFE IN ATHENS AND CONQUEST BY SPARTA | 49 |
SOCRATES CHRONICLERS | 51 |
SOCRATES TRIAL AND DEATH | 55 |
Euthyphro | 56 |
Apology | 61 |
Crito | 67 |
Phaedo | 70 |
SUMMARY | 74 |
KEY TERMS | 77 |
Apology | 78 |
Questions for Discussion | 87 |
PHILOSOPHYS METHOD | 89 |
Aristotle and the Science of Logic | 91 |
The Sophists Again | 93 |
The Science of Logic | 95 |
LOGIC AS THE STUDY OF ARGUMENT | 96 |
DISTINGUISHING ARGUMENTS FROM NONARGUMENTS | 98 |
ELIMINATING VERBIAGE | 102 |
SUPPLYING MISSING COMPONENTS | 105 |
DISTINGUISHING DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS | 108 |
TRUTH VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS | 111 |
SUMMARY | 113 |
REVIEW QUESTIONS | 114 |
Prior Analytics | 118 |
Questions for Discussion | 122 |
Common Fallacies | 123 |
THE FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY | 124 |
Amphiboly | 125 |
Accent | 126 |
Equivocation | 128 |
THE FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION | 130 |
Overlooking the Facts | 131 |
Evading the Facts | 134 |
Distorting the Facts | 137 |
Genetic Fallacy | 141 |
Abusive ad Hominem | 142 |
Tu Quoque | 143 |
Poisoning the Well | 144 |
SUMMARY | 146 |
KEY TERMS | 147 |
PHILOSOPHYS MAIN QUESTIONS | 153 |
Ethics What Are We Like and What Should We Do? | 155 |
ARISTOTLES THEORY OF ETHICS | 159 |
Moral Virtues | 162 |
Intellectual Virtues | 165 |
KANTS THEORY OF ETHICS | 167 |
A Good Will | 168 |
The Categorical Imperative | 169 |
The Role of Reason | 173 |
THE UTILITARIAN THEORY | 175 |
John Stuart Mill | 179 |
Hedonism | 184 |
GOODNESS AND HAPPINESS | 186 |
SUMMARY | 188 |
KEY TERMS | 190 |
Nicomachean Ethics | 191 |
Questions for Discussion | 203 |
Religion What Is the Nature of God? | 205 |
THE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF GOD AND BELIEF | 207 |
The Idea of God | 208 |
The Problem of Evil | 209 |
IRENAEUS | 214 |
PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD | 215 |
St Thomas Aquinas | 216 |
David Hume | 220 |
Questions for Discussion | 252 |
The Will to Believe | 253 |
Questions for Discussion | 257 |
Metaphysics What Is the Nature of Our World? | 259 |
CAUSATION | 262 |
David Hume | 264 |
FREEDOM AND NECESSITY | 266 |
Immanuel Kant Freedom and Autonomy | 270 |
P F Strawson | 271 |
Henry Frankfurt | 273 |
David Hume | 274 |
SUMMARY | 275 |
KEY TERMS | 276 |
Physics | 277 |
Questions for Discussion | 282 |
Treatise on Human Nature | 283 |
Questions for Discussion | 285 |
Epistemology How Do We Know All This? | 287 |
THE RATIONALISTS | 290 |
Baruch Spinoza | 294 |
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz | 297 |
THE EMPIRICISTS | 300 |
George Berkeley | 303 |
David Hume | 308 |
THE KANTIAN SYNTHESIS | 310 |
The Problem as Kant Saw It | 312 |
The Solution to the Problem | 316 |
Space and Time | 321 |
Organizing Experience | 324 |
Reason | 326 |
SUMMARY | 328 |
KEY TERMS | 330 |
Meditations on First Philosophy | 331 |
Questions for Discussion | 340 |
Platos Theory of Forms | 341 |
Questions for Discussion | 344 |
CONTEMPORARY DIRECTIONS | 345 |
The Analytic Tradition | 347 |
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN | 350 |
The Philosophic Task | 353 |
The Direction of Modern Philosophy | 354 |
Picture Theory | 356 |
Misleading Pictures | 360 |
Language Pitfalls | 363 |
The Tyranny of Words and Pictures | 367 |
Wittgenstein and Our Philosophic Tradition | 369 |
SUMMARY | 374 |
KEY TERMS | 375 |
REVIEW QUESTIONS | 376 |
The Value of Philosophy | 377 |
Questions for Discussion | 381 |
The Continental Tradition | 383 |
The Philosophic Task Again | 385 |
EXISTENTIALISM | 386 |
Seren Kierkegaard | 387 |
Friedrich Nietzsche | 388 |
JeanPaul Sartre | 390 |
SUMMARY | 392 |
KEY TERMS | 393 |
Existentialism and Humanism | 394 |
Questions for Discussion | 411 |
Fairness and Feminism | 413 |
The Original Position | 415 |
FEMINISM AND WOMENS RIGHTS | 416 |
Carol Gilligan | 418 |
Alison Jaggar | 420 |
Susan Moller Okin | 421 |
SUMMARY | 423 |
KEY TERMS | 424 |
Declaration of Sentiments Seneca Falls Conference 1848 | 425 |
Questions for Discussion | 427 |
Two Types of Justice | 428 |
Questions for Discussion | 431 |
GLOSSARY | 433 |
| 443 | |
PERMISSIONS | 453 |
ABOUT THE AUTHORS | 457 |
Términos y frases comunes
abusive ad hominem action amphiboly analogy Anaximander answer argue argument Aristotle Athens atoms basic become believe Bertrand Russell body called causal cause CHAPTER Cleanthes concerned conclusion Contemporary Directions Crito David Hume death Democritus Descartes desire Epistemology ethics Euthyphro everything evil example existence existentialism existentialist experience fact fallacy false feel freedom Greek happiness Heraclitus human Hume ideas intelligence intelligent design Kant Kant's kind knowledge language Leibniz live logical matter mean Meletus metaphysics mind moral nature never Nicomachean Ethics notion objects Parmenides perhaps person philosophy Philosophy's Main Questions Philosophy's Method picture Plato pleasure possible premises principle priori problem Problem of Evil proof propositions rational reality reason religion reply result seems sense simply Socrates sort soul substance suppose syllogism tell theodicy theory things thought tion true truth understanding universe virtue Wittgenstein words wrong