2. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Celui, celle, this, that; ceux, celles, these, those. 3. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Celui, celle, this; ceux, celles, these; followed by the particle ci, with reference to the last thing mentioned, when speaking of two. 4. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Celui, celle, that; ceux, celles, those; followed by the Adverb là, with reference to the first thing mentioned, when speaking of two. 5. EXAMPLE OF THE PRONOUNS Ceci, this, and cela, that, which have no plural, and are used to point out an object without naming it. Mas. SINGULAR. 1 Mas. OBSERVE. This, that, these, those, are always expressed in French by-ce, cet, cette, ces, when they come immediately before a Substantive which they particularise: as-This gentleman, ce monsieur; that bird, cet oiseau; that man, cet homme; this lady, cette dame; these young ladies, ces demoiselles; these children, ces enfans; of these men, de ces hommes; always using ce before a Noun masculine singular, beginning with a consonant or an h aspirated; cet when it begins with a vowel or an h mute; cette before a Noun feminine, whether it begins with a vowel, an h mute, or a consonant; and, in every case, ces for the plural. But they are expressed by-celui, celle, ceux, celles, when they refer to an antecedent Substantive, in which case they are generally followed by of, or by one of the Relative Pronouns-who, whom, that, which, of whom, of which, &c. as-Madam, I bring you your gown and that of your daughter, madame, je vous apporte votre robe et celle de votre fille; the term of life is short, that of beauty is still more so, le tems de la vie est court, celui de la beauté l'est encore d'avantage; lend me that which you had on yesterday, prêtez-moi celui que vous aviez hier. Celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci, are used for this, these, or the latter, referring to the last thing mentioned, when two or several have been spoken of; and also to denote among two or more objects the one nearest to the person who speaks; and celui-là, celle-là; ceux-là, celles-là; for that, those, or the former, with reference to the first thing mentioned, or to point out the most distant object: as- -Which of these two horses would you advise me to buy, this is four years old and that five; lequel de ces deux chevaux me conseilleriez-vous d'acheter? celui-ci a quatre ans et celui-là cinq. As to ceci and cela, they are used in the sense of this and that not joined to any Noun, nor referring to any, but taken in a vague sense, when speaking of any thing, or pointing at it without specifying what it is; they have no plural, and are both masculine. Ceci always refers to the last thing mentioned, or the nearest object to the person who speaks, and cela to the first thing mentioned, or the most distant object: as-What does this mean? que veut dire ceci? what did you do that for? pourquoi avez-vous fait cela? give this to the lady, donnez ceci à madame; bring me that, apportez-moi cela. GENERAL RULE.-When several Substantives follow each other, ce, cet, cette, ces, are repeated in French before each of the Substantives they specify, and agree with it in gender and number, whilst this, that, these, those, are frequently used before the first Substantive only, and understood before the others in English: as-that man, woman, and child are playing, cet homme, cette femme, et ces enfans jouent. The following lines of Racine beautifully exemplify the repetition of the demonstrative ce, cet, cette, ces. De cette nuit, Phénice, as-tu vu la splendeur? Tes yeux ne sont-ils pas tout pleins de sa grandeur? (RAC. Bérénice, 1, 5.) EXERCISE. This picture is finer than that of your brother.-These oranges are tableau beau not so fine as those I bought yesterday.-I gave the money to donner argent que acheter that man. The beak of that bird is (beautiful.)- -(Is it far) oiseau de toute beauté Y a-t-il loin bec from that house to the river?-The system of Copernicus, which Copernic asserts that the earth turns round the sun, is more probable than terre tourner autour du soleil assurer that of Ptolomy, who is of a contrary opinion.-The disorders of the contraire Ptolomée dangereux maladie body are not so dangerous as those of the mind.-Eternal happiness corps esprit Eternel bonheur is infinitely superior to that which a man can possess in this infiniment au-dessus de qu' peut posséder comparable to that of Switzerland.--The term of life is short; that of beauty is still Suisse davantage tems court encore vie (more so.)-This hatred long restrained (broke forth) and was the haine long-tems contenu éclata unhappy source of those dreadful events. malheureux shall I lend her? That which you bought last year. No; I préter lui should rather give her that which I showed Miss D*** (some time préférerais donner il y a quelago).The state of France is very different from that of England, que tems Angleterre this is flourishing and that is poor.-Which of these two silk 2 de soie umbrellas do you recommend me? This is twenty-four shillings and 1parapluie de recommander chelin that thirty. I like them this (is crois que vaut shawls? both de mieux which is the finer? I plus beau regarder India 2des Indes schall however, I should cependant give the preference to this rather than to that.-Do not mention donner préférence personne plutôt qu' parler that to (any body,) or you (will repent it.)— What did you do de vous en repentirez Pourquoi avez fait that for?-She is so inquisitive, she is always asking why this 2 toujours 1 demande pourquoi and why that.-I hope you will not refuse me that.- Is that refuser curieux espérer que 2 Est-il 1 good to eat? That is very bad to drink. Take this to (the à manger Que veut dire lady,) and keep that for yourself.-(What is the meaning of) madame garder this? See how those men and women (are playing) together.Voyez comme jouent Cyrus began the Persian monarchy, and Ninus that of Assyria. commencer 2de Perse monarchie Assyrie -You (ought not to trust) those who are interested in (deceiving ne devriez pas vous fier à you).-You may tell that to those who pouvez dire The Relative Pronouns are such as relate in general to some word or phrase going before, which is thence called the antecedent, and which they immediately follow, agreeing with it in gender and number. They are-Qui, que, quel, lequel, dont, quoi, answering to the Englishwho, whom, that, which, of whom, of which, what, &c.: as-La dame qui vient d'entrer, the lady who has just gone in. When the Relative Pronouns are used interrogatively, they relate to a word or phrase that is not antecedent, but subsequent, and which is specified in the answer: as-Qui est là? Mademoiselle votre sœur ; who is there? your sister. The following examples show the different constructions to which the Relative Pronouns are subject. VOL. I. I 1. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Qui, who, which, or that; which is used for both genders and numbers, with reference to a Noun antecedent or subsequent. Who, which, or that, Qui. Whose, of or from whom or which, Dont, de qui. To whom, whose, or to which, Whom, that, or which, A qui. Qui, que. 2. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, which; referring also to a Noun antecedent and subsequent. 3. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIVE Quel, quelle, quels, quelles, who or what; always referring to a Noun subsequent, which it precedes immediately. 4. EXAMPLE OF THE PRONOUN Quoi, what; used either in exclamation, interrogation, or after a What, Preposition. Quoi and quoi de. A quoi, Of or from what, De quoi, To what, OBSERVE.-1. Qui, who, that, or which, is used for the subject of the following Verb; and que, whom, that, or which, for its direct object, for both genders and numbers of all sorts of objects: they are placed immediately after the Noun to which they refer: as-La demoiselle qui chante, the young lady who sings; le monsieur qui parle, the gentleman who speaks; les livres qui sont sur la table, the books which are upon the table; le jeune homme que je vois, the young man whom I see; les enfans que j'aime, the children whom I love. |