If qui is used in an interrogative manner, it may be either the subject or object of the following Verb, according to the sense: as-Qui est là? who is there? qui appelezvous? whom do you call? it then answers to who and whom. But que can never be the subject of the Verb, whether the sentence is interrogative or not; it must always be its direct object: as-Que faites-vous là? what are you doing there?

2. Lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, are used with reference to persons and things, in the sense of which, interrogatively used, when asking which person or thing among several: as-Which of your sisters is married? laquelle de vos sœurs est mariée? which of these two houses do you like the best? laquelle de ces deux maisons aimezvous le mieux?

3. Quel, quelle, quels, quelles, are used for what immediately before a Substantive, in an interrogative sentence: as-Quel livre? what book? quel cheval? what horse? And also for who before a tense of the Verb to be referring to the following Noun: as-Who is that lady? quelle est cette dame? It would be likewise correct to say Qui est cette dame?

4. Quoi is used for what, depending on a Preposition, in the sense of what thing, whether the Preposition immediately precedes what, or comes after the Verb by which it may be governed: as-What are you thinking of? à quoi pensez-vous? what do you complain of? de quoi vous plaignez-vous? as if it were in English: To what do you think? of what do you complain?

5. Dont, de qui, duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, of or from whom or which, or whose, in the same sense, are used for the indirect object of the Verb when it requires de before it, with this distinction that dont is used for all sorts of objects of both genders and numbers; de qui with reference to persons only, and duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, with reference to things, and sometimes to persons. Dont and de qui are always immediately placed after the Noun to which they refer, and duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, in the place occupied by of which in English, when it comes after a Noun depending on a Preposition: as-L'homme dont vous parlez, the man of whom you speak; la ville dont vous faites mention, the town which you mention; la personne de qui j'ai reçu cette nouvelle, the person from whom I have received that news; la Providence, sans le secours de laquelle nous ne pouvons réussir, Providence, without the assistance of which we cannot succeed; voilà des roses, dont l'odeur est très-agréable; there are roses, the smell of which is very agreeable.

Dont can never be used to ask a question; therefore, whenever of or from whom or which are used interrogatively, they must always be expressed by de qui, with reference to persons only, and duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, with reference to persons and things, if the Verb on which they depend requires de before them : as-De qui avez-vous reçu cette lettre? from whom have you received that letter? duquel parlez-vous? of which do you speak? because the Verbs recevoir and parler require de before the Relative.

6.—A qui is used for to whom, or whose, in the same sense, in an interrogative sentence, with reference to persons only, of either gender or number; and, auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles, for to which, referring to things, and sometimes, also, to persons, when the Verb governing to whom, or to which, requires à before their corresponding Pronouns in French: as—A qui parlez-vous? whom do you speak to?

à laquelle de ces fleurs donnez-vous la préférence? to which of these flowers do you give the preference?

Note. If the Preposition, on which the Relative Pronouns depend, follows the Verb in English, it must always be put before them in French: as-Whom do you speak to? à qui parlez-vous? what do you complain of? de quoi vous plaignez-vous ? as if it were, in English :-To whom do you speak? of what do you complain?

EXERCISE.

The bird which sings on that tree is very fine. The cage which chanter sur arbre

oiseau

you have bought is much too small. acheter beaucoup trop petit

The apples which he has

pomme

us are all damaged. The young man whom you recommended recommander

endommager jeune

sent envoyer to me (did not behave well) lately.-Who has ordered you to ne s'est pas bien conduit

papier

appeler

ordonner

3

de

bring that paper ?-Whom do you call?-What was this lady apporter 4dame telling you? What were you doing in my room, when I (saw) you? 2 disait faisiez ai vu -Which of those two ladies do* you like best?-To which of those

1

aimer

houses do you give the preference ?-From which of her brothers maison

donner

have you (heard?)

reçu des nouvelles grammar do* you use? To what church do you go?-Who is that

se servir

tall thin man?

apprise

grand 2maigre 1 A complain) of? The lady from whom I received that information is plaint-il

avis

dead. The town which you mention is not far from here?faites mention loin

mort ici (There is) a rose, the smell of which is very agreeable, but (I am afraid Voilà 3 40deur 1 2

je crains bien it will soon fade.)- The man whose wit and talents you - qu'elle ne se fane bientôt *esprit 5 talent 6

1

admired (so much) is gone away for ever.- -Providence, 2 admirer 3 tant

will you have*.-Whom do you wish to speak to ?-Whom did you

give that order to ?-To which of those houses will you go?donné ordre

ai prêté

(Send me back) the dictionary which I lent you. This muslin is renvoyez-moi dictionnaire the same which you (showed me before.)m'avez déjà montrée

même

mousseline -Have you seen the

vu

donner fil

house of which I spoke to you?—All the advantages which we enjoy avantage dont jouir on earth come from God.-The daughter of Minos gave a thread to sur terre venir Theseus, (by means) of which he went out of the labyrinth.Thésée au moyen Alexander, to whose valour the Greeks owed (so many) victories, Alexandre 2 1 valeur Grec devoir tant de victoire thirty-three years of age.-I do not know whom I must 5 17

died at

sortir

sais

labyrinthe

mourut 2de 3 4 dois go to. The master to whom I shall recommend you is very clever.

maître

habile Idleness is a vice to which young people are (very much) inclined.— Paresse très jeunes gens pl. enclin The glory to which heroes sacrifice is often a false glory.-Who goes gloire héros sacrifier there?-Whom shall I apply to?-Which of your sisters learns

s'adresser

faux

French? What book are you (reading) now?lisez à présent

apprend

-What are her

reasons?-What a shocking accident!-What is your opinion on that

terrible

avis

raison affair?-What are you doing there?-What do you want?-What faites désirer

have you done with your money ?-What does he aim at?-What

2

fait de

viser

does your brother apply himself to?-If I had known the deplorable su déplorable situation to which she is reduced, I should have sent her some état réduit envoyer

2

money.- -Is the exercise which I gave you to write too 3 4 6 ai donné 5 7 8écrire trop we drank yesterday was not very good.

búmes

ARTICLE IV.

OF INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Indefinite Pronouns are so called because they denote persons and things in a vague and general way, without particularising them.They are the following:

One,

Whoever,

Whosoever,

Any one who, or that,

Any body who, or that,
Whomsoever,

Some body,

Some one,

Any body,

Any one,
Each,

Every body,

Every one,

Every,

Each,

--

On.

Quiconque, qui que ce soit qui.

Qui que ce soit que.

Quelqu'un, quelqu'une.

Chacun, chacune.

}Tout le monde.

Chaque; tous les, toutes les ; tout, toute.

However,
Howsoever,
Though ever so much,
Though ever so little,

Let ever so,

Whatever,
Whatsoever,
Whichever,
Whichsoever,

All,

All the,

The whole of,
The whole,
All that,
Every thing that,

Another,

Others,

Each other,

One another,

Both,

One and another,

Either,

Neither,

Quelque and tout, indeclinable, with que before the next Verb, which must be put in the Subjunctive Mood after quelque, and in the Indicative after tout.

Quelque chose que; quoi que ce soit que; quoi que.

Tout, toute; tous, toutes.

}Tout le, toute la; tous les, toutes les.

Le tout.

Tout ce qui, tout ce que.

Un autre, une autre.

Les autres; autrui, after a Preposition. L'un l'autre, l'une l'autre; les uns les autres, les unes les autres.

L'un et l'autre, l'une et l'autre; les uns et les autres, les unes et les autres: tous les deux, toutes les deux, or tous deux, toutes deux.

S L'un ou l'autre, l'une ou l'autre ; les uns ou les autres, les unes ou les autres.

Ni l'un ni l'autre, ni l'une ni l'autre; ni les uns ni les autres, ni les unes ni les autres. OBSERVE.-On is used in French in all vague and general expressions of reports: such as-It is said, it is reported, &c. In all indefinite expressions formed with one, people, they: as-They fought like desperate men; and in all passive, indeterminate expressions: as-I was told, he was told, &c. putting the Verb of which it is the subject in the third person singular of the active voice, and any Adjective or Participle referring to it in the masculine singular, if on refers to men; in the feminine, if to women; and in the plural, either masculine or feminine, according to the sense, if including an idea of plurality: as -It is said, it is reported, on dit; they fought like desperate men, on se battit en désespérés; I was told, on me dit; he was told, on lui dit; as if it were in English-one says, one fought, one told, &c.

L'on is elegantly used instead of on, after et, si, ou, to avoid the harsh sound which would result from the meeting of those words with on; thus we say -et l'on, si l'on, ou l'on, and not et on, si on, ou on: as-Si l'on faisait la paix j'irais en France; if peace were made I should go to France; and not si on, &c.

L'on is also used instead of on after que, when the following word begins with c or q, for the like purpose of avoiding the harsh sound which would result from their meeting together: as-Ce que l'on conçoit bien s'exprime clairement, and not ce qu'on conçoit bien, &c.