Article a or an which is sometimes used after of or from in English is not expressed in French: as-Une sorte de fruit, a kind of fruit; il déshonore la profession d'auteur, he disgraces the profession of an author.

2. The Preposition de or d' is also used in French without any Article before the latter of two Substantives, when we wish to express, in a vague and indeterminate sense, the nature, matter, quality, profession, or country, of the first, in which case the Noun which expresses those qualities being placed the first in English, must be put the second in French: as-Une tabatière d'or, a gold snuff-box; une table de marbre, a marble table; des bas de soie, silk stockings; un maître de Français, a French master; du vin de Bourgogne, Burgundy wine, &c.

But if, instead of wishing to express the nature, matter, or quality of the Noun antecedent in an indeterminate sense, as gold and marble do in the above sentences, in which they denote any kind of gold and marble, we want to specify a particular kind of thing, the Compound Article du, des, or de la, de l', must then be used before it in French: as-Une table du marbre qu'on tire de Carara est belle, a table of Carara marble is beautiful; une tabatière de l'or qui vient d'Espagne, a snuff-box of Spanish gold.

3. The Preposition de or d' is likewise used in French without any Article after the following Adverbs of quantity, scarcity, or exclusion-Assez, enough; autant, as much; beaucoup, much, many; combien, how much, how many; jamais, never; moins, less; pas or point, no; peu, little, few; plus, more; rien, nothing; tant, so much, so many; trop, too much, too many; also after the words, nombre, number; quantité, quantity; livre, pound; mésure, measure; aune, ell; verge, yard; boisseau, bushel; and any other word of quantity, when the following Substantive is taken in an indeterminate sense, for should it be particularised, the Compound Article du, des, or de la, de l','must be used before it, as-Donnez-moi une aune de ruban, give me an ell of riband; meaning any kind of riband; but if we wish to determine any particular sort, we must then use du, and say, for instance-Donnez-moi une aune du ruban que vous avez donné à ma sœur, give me a yard of the riband which you have given to my sister, and not de ruban que, &c.

Observe.-Assez, enough, is always placed before the Substantive in French, although enough follows it in English: as-Il n'y avait pas assez de danseurs, there were not dancers enough.

2. Bien, much, many, and la plupart, the most part, always require the Com pound Article du, des, or de la, de l', before the following Substantive: as-Il a bien des amis, he has many friends; la plupart du monde le croit, most people believe it, &c. and not il a bien d'amis, la plupart de monde, &c.

3. When a Substantive taken in a partitive sense comes immediately after a Verb negatively used, and is followed by an Adjective, or an incidental sentence modifying it, the Compound Article du, des, or de la, de l', must also be used before it, whilst de only is used, if it be not modified by any other word: as-Je ne vous ferai point des reproches frivoles, I will not make you any frivolous reproaches; je n'ai point des sentimens si bas, I have not such low ideas; ne donnez jamais des conseils qu'il soit dangereux de suivre, never give any advice which it would be dangerous to follow, &c. Whilst we say with de only-Elle n'a point d'esprit, she has no wit; ils ne lui ont pas prété d'argent, they have not lent her any money; because esprit and argent are not modified by any Adjective.

"N'affectez point ici des soins si généreux."

VOLTAIRE.

4. No Article (but the Preposition de or d') is likewise used in French before Substantives taken in a general and undetermined sense after an Adjective, a Participle, or a Verb, requiring de in French, whatever may be the Preposition used in English: as-Thirsting after glory, avide de gloire; loaded with favors, comblé de faveurs; the roads are bordered with laurels, pomegranate-trees, jasmines, and other trees ever green and ever blooming, les chemins sont bordés de lauriers, de grenadiers, de jasmins, et d'autres arbres, toujours verts et toujours fleuris.

If however we wish to particularise any thing in a determinate way, then the Compound Article du, des, or de la, de l', must be used before it: as-He deserves the praises which are bestowed upon him, il est digne des louanges qu'on lui donne.

5. No Article whatever is used in French before Substantives taken in a wide and indeterminate sense after these Prepositions-A, at or to; avec, with; contre, against; entre, between; par, by; sans, without; and several others: as- -He spoke with courage, il parla avec courage; he did it unaware, il le fit par mégarde, &c. But if we specify any thing in a determinate sense, then un or une, or the Definite Article le, la, or les, must be used: as-He fought with astonishing courage, il se battit avec un courage étonnant; against the house, contre la maison, &c.

Observe.-When a Substantive is repeated with one of the Prepositions à, par, pour, contre, sur, or with de and à, or de and en, no Article must be used before it, if it be taken in a wide and indeterminate sense: as-Mot à mot, word for word; pied contre pied, foot to foot; page par page, page by page; rendre haine pour haine, to return hatred for hatred; de nation à nation, from nation to nation; de siècle en siècle, from age to age, or through successive ages; but if we specify the thing we are speaking of in a particular sense, then the Article must be used, as when we say-repousser la force par la force, to repel force by force; rendre le mal pour le mal, to return evil for evil, &c.

EXERCISE.

We are exposed in this world to all sorts of infirmities and

dangers.- -Old age is a sort of tyrant that forbids, under pain défendre

vieillesse

of death, all the pleasures of youth.-He prescribed for me a ordonner

mixture of rhubarb, nitre, and other drugs.-The hieroglyphics of the mixtion rhubarbe drogue hieroglyphe Egyptians were figures of men, birds, animals, and reptiles.

-There are two kinds of apples, which shall I have the desquelles

sorte

pleasure of assisting you to?-How much did you give for this

servir

gold snuff-box? Twenty-five pounds.-If I were rich enough I

would always wear silk stockings. Tell the music master,

porter

when he comes, that I am so unwell

au

I shall not be able indisposée que

pouvoir

it is a bottle of excellent Spanish wine,

(which has been sent to me as a present.)-Where is the chamberdont on m'a fait présent

en haut

maid? She is up stairs, madam.-There is at my father's a fille chez beautiful table of Carara marble, and a picture (in) a magnificent superbe tableau qui a frame of Spanish gold.-Few people (are satisfied with the bordure savent se contenter du mere necessaries of life.)-Authors derive more credit, esteem, and pur nécessaire tirer grandeur from the purity of their writings than from their elegance écrit ľ

gens

of diction.-Send me as much money as (you can) for Friday next. du style que possible -He asked me for* twelve pieces of lace and two yards of the

dentelle

same riband which I gave you yesterday, but fearing he

ruban

craindre sub. im.

did not come from you, I told him that we had not the articles he

magasin

tromper pouvoir have two hundred pounds weight of

quintal

sugar in their warehouse.-Have you so many patients that you

sub. pr.

cannot (give me a call now and then?).
me venir voir de tems en tems

malade

-How did you

enjoy yourself at the ball last night? (I did not like it at all,)

s'amuser

cette

point du tout

because there were not ladies enough.- -Most young men La plupart jeunes gens pl.

boast too much.-Women have frequently too much sensibility.

se vanter

souvent

may afterwards be upbraided.)-I am very sorry he vous attirer des reproches

qui puissent

would

fâché sub.prete. vouloir

not lend her any money, as she has no other friend on whom

she

prêter

is

aise sub. pr.

can depend. Every body is very glad he
compter

thirsts after glory, and that will be être avide

sub. pr. loaded with honours, but he comblé his ruin. I had no idea that the roads

nul

were lined with

chemin sub. im.

bordé de

laurels, pomegranate-trees, jasmines, and other

evergreens.

arbres pl. toujours vert

think him worthy of the recom

pense he has received.-Mr. C*** preached for two hours yesprécher pendant

terday, with force and eloquence.

We are very much*

he wrote to that lady by mistake.

erreur

The forty-second regiment fought with the greatest courage and

intrepidity, against the French and Spaniards, for

la plus grande six hours and a half.-Why do you scold him so much? he has

return evil for evil, but I shall always repel strength by strength.

repousser

VOL. II.

E

THIS chapter explains the circumstances in which the Preposition de or à, or if the Article be also required, du, de la, or des, or au, à la, or aux, is used in French before the latter of two Substantives, whether it depends on the Prepositions of or from, at or to, in English, or is in the Possessive Genitive, or forms a kind of Compound word with another Substantive, of which it expresses either the substance, species, quality, property, or use.

ARTICLE I.

Cases in which a Substantive depending on the Prepositions of or from, at or to in English, is preceded in French by the Preposition de or à; or, if the Article be also required, by du, de la, or des, or au, à la, or aux, according to the import of the sentence.

GENERAL RULE.-When two Substantives follow each other in a sentence, the second being dependant on the first, as its regimen, the Preposition de, or, if the Article be also required, du, or de la, des, is generally used before it in French, in the sense of of or from, either accompanied or not by the Article in English, as-The corruption of the heart is often the cause of the corruption of the mind, la corruption du cœur est souvent la cause de la corruption de l'esprit.

If several Substantives succeed each other, all depending on the first, as its object, the Preposition de, or if the Article be also required, du, or de la, des, must be repeated before each of them, according to its Gender and Number, although the Preposition of or from may not be repeated in English, as-Peru has rich mines of gold, silver, and diamond, le Pérou a de riches mines d'or, d'argent, et de diamant.

Observe. If, instead of the Preposition de, the first Substantive should govern à, in the sense of at or to in English, in this case à, or if the Article be also required, au, à la, or aux, should then be used before the second Substantive, and repeated before all those which follow, according to their Gender and Number, as-Justice is obedience to written laws and constitutions, la justice est l'obéissance aux lois écrites et aux constitutions.