materially improved. A committee of masters watched over the moral and intellectual welfare of the institution, and drew up essays, or arranged exercises, for the approbation of the whole body. This may be dated as the most flourishing period of Pestalozzi's undertaking, though his pecuniary resources were by no means free from embarrassment. This circumstance co-operated with other causes to introduce divisions among the masters; a separation took place; and from that moment the institution at Yverdun declined. Disputes and dissensions between some of the individuals who had been connected with his establishment, much embittered Pestalozzi's declining years; and, by withdrawing his attention from the school itself, diminished its usefulness, and hastened its dissolution. In 1825 Pesta Jozzi left the canton de Vaud, and retired to his little estate at Neuhof, in the canton of Argau, where he occupied himself till his death in preparing elementary works. His last production was entitled: “Advice to my Contemporaries."

In 1803 M. Pestalozzi was one of the deputation which Buonaparte summoned from the Swiss Cantons, to deliberate on the means of restoring tranquillity to Switzerland; but he returned home before any arrangement could be effected.

Benevolence was the prevailing feature in Pestalozzi's character. It burned in him with the intensity of a passion, and needed sometimes the sober restraints of judgment. It was as discernible in the affectionate simplicity of his ordinary manners, as in the persevering exertions, and disinterested sacrifices, which marked his long life of trial and suffering. His genius was original, profound, and fertile, rising superior to the most overwhelming difficulties, but too frequently negligent of ordinary resources. The style of his writings is vigorous, pathetic, and piquant, but unpolished and irregular; in his philosophical works heavy, involved, and obscure. His conversation was particularly animated, playful, and entertaining, abounding in unexpected turns of thought, with an occasional felicity of expression that made an indelible impression on the hearer's mind.

M. FELLENBERG.

Early in the present year, M. Fellenberg, the countryman and friend of Pestalozzi, who has been the subject of our preceding article.

M. Fellenberg was born at Berne in 1771. His mother, a great-granddaughter of the celebrated Dutch admiral, Van Tromp, was accustomed to repeat to him, in his early youth, this excellent advice: "The great have friends in abundance; be you, my son, the friend of the poor,

the support of the unfortunate and oppressed." The early part of his education was conducted with great care at home; subsequently he was sent to the public establishment at Colmar, in Alsace in France; but his ill health obliged him to return, some years afterwards, into Switzerland. There he accustomed himself to live upon bread and water; and, in all respects, to adhere to the severest regimen. In his travels through Switzerland, France, and Germany, commenced soon after his return, it was usual for him to stop some time in the villages, assuming the appearance of an artizan, or of a labourer, that he might with more facility be enabled to study the characters of men and the nature of their wants. Once he was solicited by a young woman to undertake the religious instruction of her uncle, who was deaf. M. Fellenberg, by means of gestures, succeeded in making himself understood; but his zeal produced no other effect than that of gaining his pupil's good-will, although he actually resided with him in solitude for a whole year, near the lake of Zurich. From that period forming an intimacy with Pestalozzi, he devoted his time and attention to the education of youth. Submitting to the new order of things in Switzerland, in 1798, M. Fellenberg exerted his influence amongst the peasants with the happiest effects. However, as the Government refused to perform what he had promised in their name, he withdrew his interference in public affairs.

Of an exceedingly speculative turn, M. Fellenberg now purchased the estate of Hofwyl, of which all the world has heard, two leagues northward from Berne; and then he formed,-first, a farm, which was intended to serve as a model to the neighbourhood, in all that might be useful in agriculture, cultivating it under his own care, and actually increasing its customary produce five-fold ;-secondly, an experimental farm, for the instruction of pupils who resorted to it from various parts of Europe;-thirdly, a manufactory of agricultural implements, farming utensils, &c. with which was connected a school of industry for the poor, who were taught the business of the various handicrafts;fourthly, a boarding-school for young gentlemen ; and, fifthly, an institution for instruction in agriculture, theoretical and practical. He also established school for the instruction of teachers belonging to the surrounding country; but that scheme was, after some years, abandoned.

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Of M. Fellenberg's establishment at Hofwyl, the entire business of which was conducted by the founder and thirteen assistants-full accounts have been publisned in the Bibliothèque Britannique,

and other continental works. To enable him to examine every part of the institution, and to observe what was going forward, even in the remotest corners, M. Fellenberg constructed a lofty tower in the centre, from which, by means of a glass, and a speaking trumpet, he conducted the several operations. It must be admitted, however, that the establishment has not been productive of all the advantage that was anticipated,

Amongst the pupils who were sent to study at Hofwyl, where several young men of the first rank in Germany, The late Emperor Alexander of Russia employed a coufidential person to examine, and to report on the institution; and his Imperial Majesty was pleased to accompany the insignia of an order of Knighthood to M. Fellenberg, with a handsome Letter in autograph. M. Fellenberg has left a standing Committee entrusted with the execution of his testamentary regulations, with regard to the schools for the poor.

DR. KITCHINER,

Feb. 27. In Warren-st, Fitzroy-sq. aged 50, Wm. Kitchiner, esq. M.D. the celebrated writer on a variety of subjects,

He was son of an eminent coal-merchant in Beaufort-buildings, Strand, who acquired a considerable property in houses and premises adjacent to the Thames, and was a magistrate for Middlesex. This gentleman had a strong taste for music, which was imbibed by the son. Dr. Kitchiner, was educated at Eton, His degree was merely from Glasgow, and therefore he could not practice as a physician in London; but having inherited a handsome competence, he was enabled to live independant of his profession, to devote himself to science, and to open his hospitable doors to a vast circle of friends distinguished for genius and learning.

Dr. Kitchiner's love of music accompanied him through life; and, to the last, he played and sang with considerable taste and feeling. Though always an epicure-fond of experiments in cookery, and exceedingly particular in the choice of his viands, and in their mode of preparation for the table, he was regular, and even abstemious in his general habits. There were times, indeed, when, according to his own statement, his consumption of animal food was extraordinary. The craving was not to be repressed, nor easily to be satisfied. It had nothing to do with the love of eating, abstractedly considered, but was the result of some organic and incurable disease. Dr. Kitchiner's hours of rising-of eating-of retiring to rest-were all regulated by system. He was accustomed to make a good breakfast at eight or nine. His lunches, to

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which only the favoured few had the privilege of entrée, were superb. They consisted of potted meats of various kinds, fried fish, savoury pâtés, rich liqueurs, &c. &c. in great variety and abundance. His dinners, unless when he had parties, were comparatively plain and simple, served in an orderly manner-cooked according to his own maxims-and placed upon the table invariably within five minutes of the time announced. His usual hour was five. His supper was served at half-past nine; and at eleven he was accustomed to retire. His public dinners, as they may be termed, were things of more pomp, ceremony, and étiquette. They were announced by notes of preparation, which could not fail of exciting the liveliest sensations in the epigastric region of the thorough-bred grandgourmands of the first magnitude" who were honoured with an invitation. One of these notes is well entitled to preservation as a curiosity:

"Dear Sir, The honour of your company is requested to dine with the Committee of Taste, on Wednesday next, the 10th instant.

"The specimens will be placed upon the table at five o'clock precisely, when the business of the day will immediately' commence. I have the honour to be, your most obedient servant,

W. KITCHINER, Secretary, August, 1825.-43, Warren-street, Fitzroy-square. "At the last general meeting, it was unanimously resolved, that:

"1st. An Invitation to Eta Beta Pi, must be answered in writing, as soon as possible after it is received, within twentyfours at latest reckoning from that on which it is dated; otherwise the Secretary will have the profound regret to feel that the invitation has been definitely declined.

2nd. The Secretary having represented that the perfection of several of the preparations is so exquisitely evanescent, that the delay of one minute after their arrival at the meridiau of concoction, will render them no longer worthy of men of taste,

"Therefore, to ensure the punctual attendance of those illustrious gastrophi-` lists, who on grand occasions are invited to join this high tribunal of taste for their owu pleasure and the benefit of their country, it is irrevocably resolved, 'That the janitor be ordered not to admit any visitor, of whatever eminence of appetite, after the bour which the Secretary shall have announced that the specimens are ready. By order of the Committee,

"WILLIAM KITCHINER, Sec." Latterly Dr. Kitchiner was in the habit of having a small and select party to dine with him previously to his Tuesday even

ings conversazione. The last of these delightful meetings was on the 20th of February. The dinner was, as usual, annonnced at five minutes after five. As the first three that had been invited entered his drawing-room, he received them seated at his grand piano forte, and struck up, "See the Conquering Hero comes !" accompanying the air, by placing his feet on the pedals, with a peal on the kettle drums beneath the instrument. This to be sure, was droll; but, at all events, it was harmless.

For the regulation of the Tuesday evenings' conversazione alluded to, Dr. K. used to fix a placard over his chimneypiece, inscribed:-" At seven come,at eleveu go." It is said that, upon one of these occasions, the facetious George Colman, on observing this admonition, availed himself of an opportunity to add the word "it," making the last line run"at eleven go it!" At these little social meetings, a signal for supper was invariably given at half-past nine. All who were not desirous of further refreshment would then retire; and those who remain ed descended to the parlour to partake of the friendly fare, according to the season of the year. As these parties were composed of the professors and amateurs of all the liberal arts, it will readily be imagiued that the mind as well as the body was abundantly regaled-that "the feast of reason and the flow of soul" were never wanting. So well were the orderly habits of the Doctor understood, that, at the appointed time, some considerate guest would observe "'tis on the strike of eleven." Hats and cloaks, coats and umbrellas, were then brought in; the Doctor attended his friends to the street-door, looked up at the stars-if there were any visible-gave each of his friends a cordial shake of the hand, wished him a hearty good-night, and so the evening was closed.

We must now speak of Dr. Kitchiner's books. Optics, music, and cookery, were his three principal subjects. His first publication, entitled "Practical Observations on Telescopes," 8vo. appeared anonymously in 1815, and was reviewed in our vol. LXXXV. ii. 55. The third edition was published in 1819 (see vol. LXXXIX. ii. 614). In the mean while he had communicated to the Philosophical Magazine an Essay on the size best adapted for Achromatic Glasses; with hints to Opticians and Amateurs of Astronomical Studies on the Construction and Use of Telescopes in General (Phil. Mag. vol. XLVI. p. 122). These established bis fame as an amateur optician; and the "Api. cius Redivivus; or Cook's Oracle," 12mo, 1817, signalized him as an amateur gastronomist. In 1822 he published "The Art of Invigorating and Prolonging Life

by Food, Clothes, Air, Exercise, Wine, Sleep, &c.; and Peptic Precepts. To which is added the Pleasure of making a Will," 12mo.

In 1822 he issued a small octavo volume of "Observations on Vocal Music" (reviewed in vol. xc. i. 55); and in the same year a handsome folio of "The Loyal and National Songs of England, selected from original manuscripts and early printed copies" in his own library. Next followed "The Housekeeper's Ledger;" and in 1825 he revised his former work on optics, and published it under the title of "The Economy of the Eyes," in two Parts, the first on the subject in general, and on spectacles, opera-glasses, &c. (reviewed in vol. xcv. ii. 160); and "Part II. Of Telescopes," (reviewed in vol. xcvi. i. 155). A new work entitled "The Traveller's Oracle," was in great measure printed at the period of his de

cease.

Dr. Kitchiner was married many years ago, but a separation soon ensued. His wife, by whom he had no family, is still living. A natural son, who has been edu. cated at Cambridge, inherits the bulk of his property. The Doctor's will, made about sixteen years since, is as remarkable for its eccentricity as any of the productions of the testator; and it is said that another, making some serious alterations in the disposal of his property, was intended for signature on the Wednesday following the night on which he died.

On the 26th of February Dr. Kitchiner dined at his friend Braham's in Bakerstreet; and was in better spirits than usual, as, for some time past, in consequence of a spasmodic affection and palpitation of the heart, he had been occasionally observed in a desponding state. He had ordered his carriage at half-past eight, but the pleasure he experienced in the company induced him to stay till eleven. On his way home, he was seized with one of those violent fits of palpitation which he had of late frequently experienced; and on reaching home, ascended the stairs with a hurried step, and threw himself on a sofa. Every assistance was immediately afforded, but in less than an hour he expired, without consciousness and without a pang.

His remains were interred in the family vault at the Church of St. Clement Danes, but it has been announced that a monument will be erected to his memory in the new church of St. Pancras, in which parish he had long resided.

This amiable and useful man possessed the estimable virtue of never speaking ill of any one on the contrary, he was a great lover of conciliation, and to many he proved a valuable adviser and firm friend. In manners he was quiet, and ap

parently timid. As we have said, how ever, he had three grand hobbies,-cookery, music, and optics, and whenever he entered upon either of them he was full, cheerful, and even eloquent.

JOHN FLAXMAN, ESQ. P.S.R.A.

At the time of printing our memoir of the late Professor of Sculpture, in p. 273, we had not met with the following eloquent eulogy on him, pronounced by Sir Thomas Lawrence at the Royal Academy on the day of his death:

"Mr. Flaxman's genius, in the strictest sense of the words, was original and inventive. His purity of taste led him, in early life, to the study of the noblest relics of antiquity; and a mind, though not of classical education, of classic bias, urged him to the perusal of the best translations of the Greek philosophers and poets, till it became deeply imbued with those simple and grand sentiments which distinguish the productions of that favoured people. When immersed in these mingling studies, a fortunate circumstancethe patronage of a lady of high rank [Countess Spencer], whose taste will ever be remembered with her known goodness -gave birth to those unequalled compositions from Homer and the Greek tragediaus, which have so long been the admiration of Europe. These, indeed, from their accuracy in costume, and the singular felicity of the union between their characters and subjects, may have naturally conveyed, to minds unaccustomed to nice discrimination, the idea of too close an imitatation of Grecian art. Undoubtedly the elements of his style were founded on it; but only on its noblest principles, on its deeper intellectual power, and not on the mere surface of its style. Though master of its purest lines, he was rather the sculptor of sentiment, than of form; and whilst the philosopher, the statesman, and the hero, were treated by him with appropriate dignity, not even in Raffaele have the gentler feelings and sorrows of human nature been traced with more touching pathos, than in the various designs and models of this es

timable man. The rest of Europe know only the productions of the earlier period of his fame, but these, which form the highest efforts of his genius, had their origin in nature only, and the sensibility and virtues of his mind. Like the greatest modern painters, he delighted to trace, from the actions of familiar life, the lines of sentiment and passion; and from the populous haunts and momentary peacefulness of poverty and want, to form those unequalled groups of maternal tenderness, of listening infancy, and filial love!

"The sources aud habits of composition in Michael Angelo and Flaxman were the same; and, sanctified as the memory of the former is by time and glory, it receives no slight addition from the homage of this modest but great man, whose SHIELD OF ACHILLES, that matchless union of beauty, energy, and grandeur, his genius only could surpass."

To our list of monuments by Flaxman in Chichester Cathedral, may be added the names of Mr. Frankland, Mr. Udney, and Mr. Quantock.

MRS. POWLETT.

May 1. At Great Dunmow, Essex, in her 55th year, Anne, wife of the Rev. Charles Powlett.

She was the eldest daughter of the late learned Rev. Wm. Johnson Temple, Vicar of St. Gluvias in Cornwall. That gentleman was previously Rector of Mamhead in Devonshire (to which he was presented by his relation the first Earl of Lisburne, whose seat was in the parish *), and there Mrs. Powlett was born. Her mother was of the highly respectable house of Stowe in Northumberland, and nearly connected with the family of Sir Francis Blake. Being employed by her father as his amanuensis in writing several of his publications, Mrs. Powlett had acquired a more than usual fund of knowledge; and she had imbibed from her parents a deep but unaffected sense of religion. She was the mother of ten children, four of whom, with her partner during more than thirty years, survive to lament her loss.