founder. Again we repeat that, if the British soldier meets his foreign adversary, not only with equal courage, but with equal readiness and facility of manoeuvre-if the British officer brings against his scientific antagonist, not only his own good heart and hand, but an improved and enlightened knowledge of his profession-to the memory of the Duke of York, the army and the country owe them.

The character of his Royal Highness was admirably adapted to the task of this extended reformation, in a branch of the public service on which the safety of England absolutely depended for the time. Without possessing any brilliancy, his judgment, in itself clear and steady, was inflexibly guided by honour and principle. No solicitations could make him promise what it would have been inconsistent with these principles to grant; nor could any circumstances induce him to break or elude the promise which he had once given. At the same time, his feelings, humane and kindly, were, on all possible occasions, accessible to the claims of compassion; and there occurred but rare instances of a wife widowed, or a family rendered orphans, by the death of a meritorious officer, without something being done to render their calamities more tolerable.

As a statesman, the Duke of York, from his earliest appearance in public life, was guided by the opinions of Mr. Pitt. But two circumstances are worthy of remark: First, that his Royal Highness never permitted the consideration of politics to influence him in his department of Commanderin-Chief, but gave alike to Whig as to Tory, the preferment their service or their talents deserved; Secondly, in attaching himself to the party whose object is supposed to be to strengthen the Crown, his Royal Highness would have been the last man to invade, in the slightest degree, the rights of the People. The following anecdote may be relied upon

At the table of the Commander-in-Chief, not many years since, a young officer entered into a dispute with Lieut.-Col., upon the point to which military obedience ought to be carried. "If the Commander-in-Chief," said the young officer, like a second Seid, "should command me to do a thing which I knew to be civilly illegal, I should not scruple to obey him, and consider myself as relieved from all responsibility by the commands of my military superior." "So would not I," returned the gallant and intelligent officer who maintained the opposite side of the question. "I should rather prefer the risk of being shot for disobedience by my commanding officer, than hauged for transgressing the laws and violating the liberties of the country." "You have answered like yourself," said his Royal Highness, whose attention had been attracted by the vivacity

of the debate; and the officer would de-serve both to be shot and hanged that should act otherwise. I trust all British officers would be as unwilling to execute an illegal command, as I trust the Commander-inChief would be incapable of issuing one."

The religion of the Duke of York was sincere, and he was particularly attached to the doctrines and constitution of the Church of England. In this his Royal Highness strongly resembled his father; and, like his father, he entertained a conscientious sense of the obligations of the Coronation Oath, which prevented him from acquiescing in the further relaxation of the laws against Catholics.

In his person and countenance the Duke of York was large, stout, and mauly; he spoke rather with some of the indistinctness of utterance peculiar to his late father, than with the precision of enunciation which distinguishes the King, his Royal brother.Indeed, his Royal Highness resembled his late Majesty perhaps the most of any of George the Third's descendants.

In social intercourse the Duke of York was kind, courteous, and condescending; general attributes, we believe, of the blood royal of England, and well befitting the Princes of a free country. It may be remembered that when, in days of youthful pride," his Royal Highness had wounded the feelings of a young nobleman, he never thought of sheltering himself behind his rank, but manfully gave reparation by receiving the (well-nigh fatal) fire of the offended party, though he declined to re

turn it.

We would here gladly conclude the subject; but to complete a portrait, the shades as well the lights must be inserted, and in their foibles as well as their good qualities, Princes are the property of history. Occupied perpetually with official duty, which to the last period of his life, he discharged with the utmost punctuality, the Duke of York was peculiarly negligent of his own affairs, and the embarrassments which arose in consequence, were considerably increased by an imprudent passion for the turf and for deep play. Those unhappy propensities exhausted the funds with which the nation supplied him liberally, and sometimes produced extremities which must have been painful to a man of temper so honourable. The exalted height of his rank, which renders it doubtless more difficult to look into and regulate domestic expenditure, together with the engrossing duties of his Royal Highness's office, may be admitted as alleviations, but not apologies, for this imprudence.

A criminal passion of a different nature proved, at one part of the Duke's life, fraught with consequences likely to affect his character, destroy the confidence of the country in his efforts, and blight the fair

harvest of national gratitude, for which he had toiled so hard. It was a striking illustration of the sentiment of Shakspeare :"The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices Make whips to scourge us.

The Duke of York, married to Frederica, Princess Royal of Prussia, Sept. 29, 1791, lived with her on terms of decency, but not of affection; and the Duke had formed, with a female called Clarke, a connexion justifiable certainly neither by the laws of religion nor morality. Imprudently he suffered this woman to express her wishes to him for the promotion of two or three officers, to whose preferment there could be other objection than that they were recommended by such a person. It might doubtless have occurred to the Duke, that the solicitations of a woman like this were not likely to be disinterested; and, in fact, she seems to have favoured one or two persons as being her paramours,-several for mere prospect of gain, which she had subordinate agents to hunt out for,—and one or two from a real sense of good nature and benevolence. The examination of this woman and her various profligate intimates, before the House of Commons, occupied that assembly for nearly three months, and that with an intenseness of anxiety seldom equalled. The Duke of York was acquitted from the motion brought against him by a majority of eighty; but so strong was the outcry against him without doors-so much was the nation convinced that all Mrs. Clarke said was true, and so little could they be brought to doubt that the Duke of York was a conscious and participant actor in all that person's schemes, that his Royal Highness, seeing his utility obstructed by popular prejudice, tendered to his Majesty the resignation of his office, which was accepted accordingly, March 20, 1809. And thus, as according to Solomon, a dead fly can pollute the most precious unguent, was the honourable fame, acquired by the services of a lifetime, obscured by the consequences of what the gay world would have termed a venial lev ty. The warning to those of birth and eminence is of the most serious nature. This step had not been long taken, when the mist in which the question was involved began to disperse. The public accuser in the House of Commons, Col. Wardle, was detected in some suspicious dealings with the principal witness, Mrs. Clarke, and it was evidently expectation of gain that had brought this lady to the bar as an evidence. Next occurred, in the calm moments of retrospect, the great improbability that his Royal Highness ever could know on what terms she negociated with those in whose favour she solicited. It may be well supposed she concealed the motive for interesting herself in such as were his own favoured rivals, and

what greater probability was there, that she should explain to him her mercenary speculations, or distinguish them from the intercessions which she made upon more honourable motives? When the matter of the accusation was thus reduced to his Royal Highness's having been, in two or three instances, the dupe of an artful woman, men began to see that, when once the guilt of entertaining a mistress was acknowledged, the disposition to gratify such a person, who must always exercise a natural influence over her paramour, follows as a matter of course. It was then that the public compared the extensive and lengthened train of public services, by which the Duke had distinguished himself in the management of the army, with the trifling foible of his having granted one or two favours, not in themselves improper, at the request of a woman who had such opportunities to press her suit; and, doing his Royal Highness the justice he well deserved, welcomed him back, in May 1811, to the situation from which he had been driven by calumny and popular prejudice.

In that high command his Royal Highness continued to manage our military affairs. During the last years of the most momentous war that ever was waged, his Royal Highness prepared the most splendid victories our annals boast, by an unceasing attention to the character and talents of the officers, and the comforts and health of the men. Trained under a system so admirable, our army seemed to increase in efficacy, power, and even in numbers, in proportion to the increasing occasion which the public had for their services. Nor is it a less praise, that when men so disciplined re turned from scenes of battle, ravaged countries, and stormed cities, they re-assumed the habits of private life as if they had never

left them.

This superintending care, if not the most gaudy, is amongst the most enduring flowers which will bloom over the Duke of York's tomb. It gave energy to Britain in war, and strength to her in peace. It combined tranquillity with triumph, and morality with the habits of a military life. If our soldiers have been found invincible in battle, and meritorious in peaceful society when restored to its bosom, let no Briton forget that this is owing to the paternal care of him to whose memory we here offer an imperfect tribute.

THE MARQUESS OF HASTINGS, K. G.

Nov. 28. On board his Majesty's ship the Revenge, then lying in Baia Bay, near Naples, having nearly completed his 72d year, the Most Noble Francis Rawdon Hastings, Marquess of

of Rawdon, Viscount

Loudoun, Baron Hastings, Botreux, Mo. lines, Hungerford,* and Rawdon, and a Baronet, in England; Earl of Moira, and Baron Rawdon of Moira, co. Down, in Ireland; Governor and Commanderin-Chief of Malta and its dependencies; Constable and chief Governor of the Tower of London, and Lord-Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the Tower division; a Privy-counsellor, and one of the Council of the King in Scotland and Cornwall; Colonel of the 27th regiment of foot: a Governor of the Charter house; K.G. G.C.B. G.C.H. F.R.S. F.S.A. and M.R.I.A.

The family of Rawdon, from which the Marquess was paternally descended, is of high antiquity at Rawdon near Leeds. The head of the pedigree, Paulyn de Rawdon, is stated to have commanded a band of archers in the service of the Conqueror; and this tradition is alluded to in the family arms, a fess between three pheons (or arrow-heads), and their motto "Nos quoque tela sparsimus." The estate of Rawdon, of which the Marquess died possessed, is said to have been the reward of this faithful archer, though the poetical deed of gift recorded by Weever, in his Funeral Monuments, is probably fictitious. George, eighteenth in descent from Paulyn, having distinguished himself by his military services in Ireland, was advanced to a baronetcy, May 20, 1665, and added to the order in England, though styled of Moira in the County of Down. His great grandson, Sir John, the fourth baronet, was advanced in 1750 to an Irish Peerage, by the title of Baron Rawdon of Moira; and having married in 1752, as his third wife, the Lady Elizabeth Hastings, eldest daughter to Theophilus, 9th Earl of Huntingdon, was created in 1761 Earl of Moira.

The deceased Marquess, his eldest son by this latter union (his two former ladies having died without male issue), was born Dec.7, 1754. Having completed his education at Oxford, and made a short tour on the continent, Lord Rawdon embraced the military profession, for which he had felt an early prepossession, and entered the army in 1771 as Ensign in the 15th foot. He obtained a Lieutenancy in the 5th in 1773, aud embarked for America. The first battle of any importance in which he was

The ancient baronies of Newmarch, Peverel of Nottingham, Moel of Cadbury, and De Homet, have been added to the above titles; but are not attributed to the Marquess in Nicolas's Synopsis of the Peerage. See some queries respecting them in vol. LXXXII, ii. 626.

engaged was the bloody fight of Bunker's Hill, where his conduct obtained the particular notice of General Burgoyne, who was pleased to express in the most flattering terms to the British Government, the admiration he felt of our young officer, and, in a letter written to England, to make use of this remarkable expression :-"Lord Rawdon has this day stamped his fame for life." In 1775 his Lordship was appointed to a company in the 63d, and soon after Aid-de-camp to Sir Henry Clinton. He was at the battles of Brooklyn and White Plains, attack of Fort Washington, Fort Clinton, and other affairs in 1776 and 1777.

In 1778 Lord Rawdon was nominated Adjutant-General to the British army in America, with the rank of LieutenantColonel; he was actively employed both on the retreat of the British army through the Jerseys from Philadelphia to New York, in the action at Monmouth which followed, and at the siege of Charlestown.

As the American line was chiefly composed of the very lowest order of Irishmen, his Lordship undertook to raise a corps at Philadelphia, called the Volunteers of Ireland, which was soon recruited from the enemy's ranks, and became eminently distinguished for its services in the field. In the first battle of Camden, under the command of his Lordship, exactly one-half of the regiment was killed or wounded, and in that of Hobkirk Hill a still greater proportion. The officers, who were selected from the regular regiments, could not, however, with all their zeal and abilities, extirpate that desire of change which impelled the men to desert, until his Lordship adopted an extraordinary expedient. A man caught in the act of going over to the enemy was brought on the parade before the whole regiment, to whom he was delivered up by his Lordship in a most impressive way, to be judged, punished or acquitted. The officers were ordered to withdraw, and leave every thing to the private soldiers, who, in a few minutes, hung their offending comrade on the next tree; and the example was most effectual.

His Lordship was next appointed to the command of a distinct corps of the army in South Carolina, which province was invaded by the American General, Gates, and his Lordship had so arranged his plans, as with a very inconsiderable force to maintain his principal positions. Notwithstanding the superiority which the enemy possessed in point of number, some favourable opportunities were

not wanting to have induced him to seek a battle, if his own glory had been consulted instead of the public good; but be adhered to the measures concerted with Lord Cornwallis, who, on reaching the army, found all the forces collected and disposed to his utmost satisfaction. At the memorable battle of Camden, which succeeded on the 16th of August, 1780, Lord Rawdon commanded one wing of the army. When Lord Cornwallis pursued soon afterwards the American army towards Virginia, Lord Rawdon with a very small force, was left to defend the exterior frontiers of South Carolina against the provincial Generals, Marion and Cumpter; but General Green, having contrived after the battle of Guilford to turn Lord Cornwallis's left, fell suddenly on Lord Rawdon, who had only a few redoubts to defend his sick and magazines at Camden, The intention of General Green was evidently to carry these by assault; and, as this was likely to be attempted during the night, the troops were withdrawn from them at dusk, and prepared to surprise the enemy on the open ground at the moment when they commenced their attack on the works. General Green, however, was induced to act more cautiously, and wait for the arrival of his artillery; and Lord Rawdon, who saw all the difficulty of effecting a retreat, resolved to become the aggressor. Accordingly, on the 25th of April, 1781, he chose the hour of mid-day to make his attempt, when it was least expected, and his march was concealed by a circuitous route through thick woods.

Having by this sudden and rapid manœuvre reached Hobkirk Hill, even before the American General Green was aware of his Lordship's movements, and who not only supposed himself secure from any attack on account of the vast superiority of his force, but also from a very extensive swamp which protected him on the weak, and perhaps only assailable point of the bill. Lord Rawdon approached with a narrow line of front, and the enemy's piquets being driven in, an alarm was immediately spread through the American camp. General Green, who possessed a greatness of mind far superior to any other of the American generals, perceived the -danger of his situation, and with the utmost promptitude decided upon the means most likely to repel the British. Finding that Lord Rawdon advanced in a narrow front, be immediately commanded a heavy fire of grape-shot from his batteries, and under their protection charged down Hobkirk Hill.

Lord

Rawdon discerning Green's design, immediately extended the whole of his line, and thus completely disconcerted the enemy's plan. This foresight of Lord Rawdon gained him a complete victory. Having pursued the Americans to the summit of the hill, after silencing their batteries, he charged them, and put the whole to the route. General Green rallied his troops several times, but the continual charges of the British, and the ardour with which they advanced on the enemy, were irresistible, and they were put to flight on all sides. This success enabled Lord Rawdon to concentrate his army, and, being joined by some reinforcements from the coast, he succeeded in driving the enemy to a considerable distance; but the capture of Lord Cornwallis, which soon followed, and the declining state of our American affairs, rendered it necessary that the troops should be withdrawn towards Charlestown, where both armies remained inactive from the excessive heat, and perhaps a mutual conviction that the contest was nearly at an end.

A severe and dangerous attack of illness obliged Lord Rawdon to quit the army for England, but the vessel in which he embarked was captured and carried into Brest. Lord Rawdon was almost immediately released, and on his arrival in England was honoured with repeated marks of distinction and kindness by his Sovereign, who appointed him one of his Aid-de-camps, and was graciously pleased to create him an English Peer, by the title of Baron Rawdon, of Rawdon in Yorkshire, March 5, 1783. He had received the rank of Colonel, Nov. 20, 1782.

During his Lordship's command at Charlestown, an American prisoner, named Isaac Haynes, who, not content with remaining on parole, had voluntarily taken the oath of allegiance, and received his liberty on that account, contrived in the most artful manner to corrupt a numerous body of our militiamen, having first, in violation of his oath, obtained the rank of Colonel in the hostile army. The detection of his villainy did not take place till the enemy were already advancing on Charlestown, and when he was carrying off his band of deserters to join them. A court of enquiry immediately set, entirely by the direction of the Commandant of Charlestown, to whom this duty appertained independently of Lord Rawdon, and Haynes was publicly executed, but not before his Lordship had endeavoured to procure the man's pardon by a private communication with some loyalists, whom his Lordship requested to petition

in his behalf. Notwithstanding his bumane exertions, he was actually charged with being the author of the man's death, which was termed a wanton act of military despotism. The affair made considerable noise at the time, both in and out of Parliament, but his Lordship amply vindicated himself, and obtained an apology in the House of Lords from his Grace the Duke of Richmond.

In that House Lord Rawdon proved himself a clear and able orator, and a judicious man of business. His benevolent and persevering exertions on the Debtor and Creditor Bill, to relieve the distresses of persons imprisoned for small debts, will remain a monument of phiJanthropy upon our parliamentary records; while his manly deportment throughout every debate, both in the English and the Irish Parliament, proved his steadiness as a statesman not inferior to his intrepidity as a soldier.

Having formed an intimate friendship with the Prince of Wales, his Lordship took an active part in the Prince's favour on the memorable discussions respecting the Regency; and on the 26th of December, 1789, moved in the House of Lords the amendment in his Royal Highness's favour. His speech on this occasion may be seen in vol. LIX. p. 328. With the late Duke of York his intercourse was equally constant, and in May, 1789, his Lordship acted as second to his Royal Highness, in his duel with Lieut.-Col. Lennox, the parti.culars of which are given in our Memoir of his Royal Highness, in p. 70.

In October of the same year, on the death of his maternal uncle the Earl of Huntingdon, he came into possession of the bulk of that nobleman's fortune; a very seasonable acquisition, for by his great liberality he had involved himself in considerable pecuniary difficulties. His mother then succeeded to the barony of Hastings, and the other baronies in fee possessed by her father, while the earldom of Huntingdon was unclaimed, and remained dormant till confirmed to the present Earl in 1819.

In 1791 was published in 8vo. the substance of Lord Rawdon's speech in the House of Lords, on the third reading of the Bank Loan Bill.

On the 20th of June, 1793, his Lordship succeeded his father as second Earl of Moira, and on the 12th of October that year he was advanced to the rank of Major-General. At the same period he was appointed Commander-in-chief of an army intended to co-operate with the Royalists in Brittany, and all the ancient nobility of France were to serve under him. It is remarkable too, that

the late General Sir Charles Stewart, one of the best officers of the age, offered to waive the seniority of rank, and be under the command of the Earl of Moira on this occasion. But before any effective movements could be made, the Republicans had triumphed completely. The Earl's own exposé of the enterprise, made in the House of Lords, may be seen in vol. LXIV. p. 437.

In the summer of 1794, when the situation of the British army and that of the allies in Flanders was extremely critical, and the former was obliged to retreat through Brabant to Antwerp, the Earl of Moira was dispatched with a reinforcement of 10,000 men, and most fortunately succeeded in effecting a junction with the Duke of York, though his Royal Highness was then nearly surrounded by hostile forces much superior in number. The dispatch which his Lordship had employed in embarking his troops without either tents or heavy baggage from Southampton, and in debarking them at Ostend, the 30th of June, 1794, prevented the enemy's ascertaining the actual strength under his Lordship's command, which was an object of serious importance; and to maintain it, the Ear! directed his Quarter-master-general, the late Gen. Welbore Ellis Doyle, to issue orders that quarters should be provided at Bruges for 25,000 troops, although his force did not exceed 10,000. The delusion was admirably maintained, and the French General Pichegru, who was in the vicinity of Bruges with a force much greater than the British, completely deceived.

He soon afterwards returned to England; had a command little more than nominal at Southampton; was regular and active in the discharge of his parliamentary duties; was accustomed to take the chair at masonic and other anniversary meetings; and acquired great popularity throughout the country. As a Freemason his Lordship was particularly enthusiastic and active; and from the time the Prince of Wales was elected Grand Master, undertook the efficient discharge of that office. He was the author of an elegant address, presented by the Grand Lodge to the King in 1793, which was considered a complete refutation of the charge brought against the brotherhood by Abbé Barruel and Professor Robinson.

In 1797 was published, in 8vo. a Speech by Lord Moira on the dreadful and alarming state of Ireland; and in 1798 appeared Letters by his Lordship to Col. Mac Mahon, on the subject of a change in his Majesty's Ministers. In