d. Give the essential characters of orchideæ. e. Contrast the characters of grasses and Cyperaceæ. f. Enumerate the chief economic products of Cruciferæ, stating in each case the name and native country of the plant, the part used, and the use of the product. g. Give a list of the chief timber-producing trees, with their natural orders and native country. h, i. Refer the two specimens laid before you to their natural orders, and give your reasons for so doing, and describe them, taking their organs when present in the following order : Stem. Leaves. Bracts. Sepals. Petals. Stamens. Ovary. Fruit. Seeds. Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. In all cases the letter distinguishing the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours allowed for this paper. p. What are tendrils? Of what organs may they be modifications? Give examples. q. Define raceme, spike, catkin, umbel, capitulum, corymb, and panicle, and give one or more examples of each. r. What are the different modes of insertion of the stamens? State which occurs in each of the following natural orders : Ranunculaceæ. Rosaceæ. s. Give the principal characters of Rosacea. Labiatæ. Orchideæ. t. Enumerate the principal sugar yielding plants, giving in each case the name and natural order of the plant, its native country, and area of cultivation. u. To what natural order do wheat, barley, rice, and maize belong? Where are these cereals chiefly cultivated? v. What plants yield cotton and flax? What part of the plant are they? How are they distinguished microscopically? w. Give a sketch of the different kinds of inflorescence, with examples of each. x. What are the principal modifications of stem structure? y. What are the characters of the organs of vegetation of mosses, lichens, fungi? z. Give the essential characters of orchideæ. z 1. Contrast the characters of grasses and Cyperaceæ. ≈ 2. Enumerate the chief economic products of Cruciferæ, stating in each case the name and native country of the plant, the part used, and the use of the product. z 3. Give a list of the chief timber producing trees, with their natural order and native country. z 4. Explain the principles of Phyllotaxis. z 5. State what you know of the dimorphism of flowers. 2 6. What are the most prominent features of the Australian flora? z 7. What are the peculiarities of insular floras? SUBJECT XVIII. PRINCIPLES OF MINING. EXAMINER, W. W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S. First Stage or Elementary Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. Candidates are only permitted to attempt nine questions. The same value is attached to the correct answer of each question. In all cases the number of the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours are allowed for this paper. 1. State the nature of the country or containing rock most favourable to the production of copper ores and lead ores, respectively, in the various districts of the United Kingdom. 2. What is the usual character and effect of troubles, dykes, or faults in stratified rocks? 3. Mention the relative advantages or risks of using loose powder or cartridges for charging the holes in blasting. 4. Show by a drawing the securest form of knot and hook for attaching the weight or kibble in drawing by means of a windlass. 5. Give a sketch, not less than two inches in height, of the ordinary timbering of a level, and state reasons for making the cap-piece short and inclining the legs or stanchions. 6. Describe the preparatory operations in the commencement of the sinking of a shaft. 7. What is the construction of the water-balance for winding mineral, and under what circumstances is it most applicable? 8. Draw a figure of, and state the materials of the different parts of the drawing-lift of a mine pump, and explain why it is desirable always to have such a lift in the bottom of a shaft. 9. Enumerate the precautions which should be taken with respect to carbonic acid gas being found in the workings. 10. What measures may be taken, without introducing mechanical means of exciting a ventilating current, to improve the air in a particular district in a mine? 11. State in detail the results that are produced in the air in various classes of mines, by great depth. 12. Make a drawing and describe the several portions of a crushing machine suitable either as a grinder for metallic mineral or for crushing coal previous to the manufacture of "patent fuel." Second Stage or Advanced Examination. Candidates are only permitted to attempt nine questions. Three hours are allowed for this paper. a. Give examples of the extreme depths to which the ores of copper and of lead have been followed in home and foreign mines. b. What are the arguments in favour of large diameter and of depth for the holes in blasting hard rock? c. State the qualities, dimensions, and prices of the varieties of timber most suitable for use in mines. d. Describe, with sketch-drawing on a sufficient scale to show the valves clearly, the application of water pressure to an engine for pumping. e. Give the form, weight, and dimensions of the various kinds of pick employed in different districts, and state what you may know of their comparative merits. f. What are the essential points in the construction of the Davy, Stephenson, and Clanny lamps, and with what velocity of the air do they become insecure? g. What is the velocity of air-currents in the main workings and in exceptional parts of mines; and what are the various objections to high velocities? h. Describe, with the help of a figure, how to replace a faulty set or frame of timbering in a rectangular shaft where the ground is heavy. i. State, and show in section, the construction of the different kinds of rope, hemp, and wire which are commonly employed in mining. j. What are the chief modifications in the system of working stratified minerals by post-and-stall or bord-and-pillar? k. Describe the most satisfactory mode of constructing stoppings and crossings for the air-ways of a colliery. 7. State the general features and action of the apparatus for the concentration, in dressing, of metallic mineral, when stamped or ground and let in with a due admixture of water. Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. All the questions to be answered for the maximum of marks. In all cases the letter distinguishing the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours are allowed for this paper. p. Write a brief historical sketch of the chief fluctuations of mining production in the principal metalliferous countries of Europe and America within the last 500 years. q. What are the methods, and, for certain cases to be quoted, the cost per ton, adopted for falling or breaking down the coal after holing? r. Discuss the question-What weight can be attached to the views of certain authors in favour of auriferous lodes belonging especially to meridional or north and south chains? s. Compare the apparatus and the efficacy of the methods of boring artesian wells by rod or by rope. t. How far is the course or strike of important groups of lodes, 1stly, in the Hartz; 2ndly, in Saxony; 3rdly, in Southern Spain, found to agree with that of right-running veins in England? u. Explain the advantages of firing charges by electricity, the reasons why it has been little adopted in ordinary mining practice, and the relative merits of the voltaic battery, and of frictional electricity for the purpose. v. Give two hand sketches, side-elevational and transverse, of a conical drum for drawing heavy weights from a deep shaft, noting the dimensions of the parts, and the angle of inclination of the lapping surfaces. w. State the inconveniences of employing the magnetic meridian for mining plans, and the methods of laying down a true meridian. x. Describe, with full detail in the subject of the stamps and cofer, the most approved modes of treating auriferous vein-stuff of less than one ounce to the ton. SUBJECT XIX. METALLURGY. EXAMINER, DR. PERCY, First Stage or Elementary Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. You are permitted to attempt only eight of the following questions. In all cases the number of the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours allowed for this paper. 1. What are the most characteristic external characters of metals? 2. What is meant by the term "tensile strength," and how is such strength ascertained? 3. What is an ore? 4. What is a slag? 5. What is meant by the terms "perfect" and "imperfect," as applied to the combustion of fuel? 6. What is fire-clay? 7. How does copper occur in nature? 8. What is zinc or spelter, and what is the nature of its ores? 9. What kinds of brass are used in the arts? 10. What is cast iron, and how is it made? 11. What is steel, and how would you distinguish it from iron? 12. What is wrought iron, and how is it made? Second Stage or Advanced Examination. You are permitted to attempt only eight of the following questions. In all cases the letter distinguishing the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours allowed for this paper. a. State why one kind of coal differs from another in heat-giving power. b. Explain the rationale of the process of making what is called "bestselected copper." c. If you should be requested to make a chemical examination of a sample of commercial copper, how would you proceed, and what impurities would you specially look for? d. How may zinc be extracted on the large scale from silicate of zinc or electric calamine? e. How is rich galena smelted in England? f. How and why is metallic iron employed in the smelting of certain kinds of galena? g. How is silver extracted from galena? h. State what you know about alloys of iron. i. Describe the process of what is termed "refining " pig iron. j. In what metallurgical processes is mercury used, and why? k. What is "smalts," and how is it made? 7. How is antimony extracted, and for what purposes is it used in the metallic state in the arts? Honours Examination. INSTRUCTIONS. You are permitted to attempt all the questions. In all cases the letter distinguishing the question must be placed before the answer on the worked paper. Three hours allowed for this paper. p. Give the formula for the computation of the calorific intensity of coal. q. Describe the process of copper smelting as practised at Swansea, and state the composition, approximately, of the solid products formed in each stage of that process. |