And in the same way we may show that, if the corresponding terms of any number of proportions be multiplied together, the products will be proportional.

28. If three quantities are in continued proportion, the first has to the third the duplicate ratio of what it has to the second.

Let a, b, c be the given quantities in continued proportion; then

And, similarly, if a, b, c, d are four quantities in continued proportion, a d:: a3: b3, that is—

The first has to the fourth the triplicate ratio of what it has to the second; and so on, for any number of quantities. 29. We shall now give one or two examples of problems in Proportion.

Ex. 1. If a b::c:d, prove that

x; .. α = bx, and c =

a3 + c3 (a + c)3

=

dx.

(bx)3 + (dx)3 b3 + d3
(bx +dx)3

3

=

(b + d) 33

then, alter

1. Compare the ratios a + b:a - b, and a2 + b2: a2 = b2.

2. Which is the greater of the ratios a + b 2 a, and 26 : a + b?

3. What quantity must be subtracted from the consequent of the ratio a: b in order to make it equal to the ratio c:d?

4. Compound the ratios 1:1+y, xxy:1 + x2, and 1 : x x2.

5. There are two numbers in the ratio of 6: 7, but if 10 be added to each they are in the ratio of 8: 9. Find the numbers.

8. Find the value of x when the ratio x + 2 a : x + 2 b is

the duplicate ratio of 2 x + a

9. Find x when the ratio

triplicate ratio of x

10. If

+

x

а : x + a

a + b b + c

tions is equal to

==

A

x + 2

c + a'

x + y + z
a + b +

e

c : 2 x + b + c.

and that

y

b

then each is equivalent to

b

2x + 2y

y

26+2c

2a +26 - C

12. If a b c : d, then

2

с

la + mc + nc lb + md + nf

с

a + b c + d :: √a2 + ab + b2 : √√c2 + cd + ď2. 13. Find a fourth proportional to the quantities—

x + 1 x2 + x + 1 203 + 1

15. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, show that

a + b

b + c

b, be are also in continued proportion.

16. If a:b::c:d, then

√a2 " + b2" : √c2 " + ď2" : : (a - b)" : (c - d)".

17. From a vessel containing a cubic inches of hydrogen gas, b cubic inches are withdrawn, the vessel being filled up with oxygen at the same pressure. Show that if this operation be repeated n times successively, the quantity of hydro(a - b)n

gen remaining in the vessel is

duced to the original pressure.

an-1

cubic inches, when re

18. If, in Ex. 34, page 225, (α1, ɑ2, ɑ3), (b1, b2, b3), and (C1, C2, C3) are corresponding terms respectively, show that ab.b3 (C3 − C3) + a.b3b1 (C3 − C1) + ɑzb1b2 (C1 – C2) = 0.

SECTION III.

PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.

CHAPTER I.

MODES OF MEASURING ANGLES BY DEGREES AND GRADES.

1. We are able to determine geometrically a right angle, and it might therefore be taken as the unit of angular measurement. Practically, however, it is too large, and so we take a determinate part of a right angle as a standard.

In England we divide a right angle into 90 equal parts, called degrees, and we further subdivide a degree into 60 equal parts, called minutes, and again a minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds. This is the English or sexagesimal

method.

In France the right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called grades, a grade into a hundred equal parts, called minutes, and a minute into 100 equal parts, called seconds. This is the French or centesimal method, and its advantages are those of the metric system generally.

The symbols,,", are used to express English degrees, minutes, seconds respectively, and the symbols",,", to express French grades, minutes, seconds respectively.

Conversion of English and French Units.

2. Let D

and G

D

=

=

the number of degrees in an angle, the number of grades in the same angle ;

then expresses the angle in terms of a right angle;

90

G

and so also does