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Men, women, and children can think. What a man thinks is called a thought. If he wishes to express that thought he speaks.

When a man speaks he uses Words. Speaking, or the using of words, is called speech.

Cats, dogs, cows, horses, and other animals can make a noise, but they cannot speak.

They mew, bark, bellow, or neigh, and make nearly the same noises over and over again.

They have not the power of speech.

Some birds, like the parrot, can be taught to say words, but they cannot think and speak like men, women, and children.

There are many kinds of speech.

The speech of a boy is his language, or his tongue.

Children in England speak the English language.

The boys and girls of France use the French tongue.

There are hundreds of tongues, or languages, in the world.

Some English boys and girls learn to speak one or two languages besides their own.

People who speak a language that we do not know, cannot tell us what they think.

The words which they use have no meaning to us, and so we cannot understand their thoughts.

There are many thousands of words in the English language.

Boys and girls speak their own tongue well when they always use the right words to express their thoughts.

Children must know the meanings of all the words they use, before they can speak correctly. Every English child should try to speak good English.

Words are of one or more sounds. Each sound is a syllable.

If, therefore, water has not been used, so much the better for the ultimate result. It is astonishing how the evil consequences of burns diminish when these rules have been observed. If water is at hand, of

VOL. II.

may be covered up with flour, and loose bandages should be applied to keep it on the burn. Linseed oil and lime water is sometimes applied, but they are inferior to cotton wadding and carbolised oil.

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6

THE LITTLE LEARNER.

[Dec., 1882.

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When the sum-mer's sun was beam-ing
Strong-est at his noon-tide glow,
Help-ing stream-lets then came gleam-ing
Trick-ling from the ice and snow.
But at times it grew so cloud-y
That the sun was hid from sight;
Peals of thun-der, roar-ing loud-ly,
Fol-lowed ev-er-y flash of light.

Hail and rain came with the thun-der,
Swell-ing all our wa-ters so
That the rocks we broke a-sun-der,
For we scarce had room to grow.

Still the rap-id streams were com-ing,
Deep and rap-id, from the rain,
Dash-ing, splash-ing, roar-ing, foam-ing,
Down the hill-side to the plain.

When such tem-pests had blown ov-er,
Oft I saw the cheer-ful bow,
Seem-ing like an arch to cov-er
All the hol-low vale be-low.

Here be-neath the qui-et shad-ows
Of the wil-lows bend-ing low,
By the side of new-mown mead-ows,
Much more gent-ly may we flow.

Nois-y bil-lows now no long-er,

As when shal-low, can there be;
Wid-er, deep-er, smooth-er, strong-er,
Roll-ing on-wards to the sea.

All the streams now make one riv-er,
And my name to all is known.
Will you, chil-dren, will you ev-er
Quite for-get how I have grown ?

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THE LITTLE LEARNER' FIRST

Maney Prize
Prize Competition.

The first Writing Competition will be for Five Guineas, divided into the following Twelve prizes :

1st, One Guinea; 2nd, 17/6; 3rd, 15/-; 4th, 10/6; 5th, 10/-; 6th, 7/6; 7th, 6/6; 8th, 5/-; 9th, 4/-; 10th, 3/6; 11th, 2/6; 12th, 2/

Any Scholar under NINE years of age on January 1st, 1883, may compete in The Little Learner's Prize Competition. Nos. 5 and 6 (both books) Cox's Copy Books, are to be written and sent to Mr. JOSEPH HUGHES, Office of The Little Learner, Pilgrim Street, Ludgate Hill, E.C., not later than Feb. 1st, 1883. No Copy Books sent in can be returned.

24. COOPE.-ABC is a triangle with a right angle at C, CB s 30 ft. long and BAC is 20°. If CB is produced to a point P, such that PAC is 55°, calculate the length of CP. (Science and Art, 1882.)

sington in the new Department of Agricultural Chemistry, and that the practical instruction will be in charge of Mr. Chapman-Jones.

READINGS IN GEOGRAPHY.
BY JOHN R. LANGLER, B.A., F.R.G.S.,
One of the Examiners in Geography to College of Preceptors.
STANDARD I.-NORTH, EAST, SOUTH, WEST.

WHEN the sun shines it is day, and when the
sun has set it is night. The light of day begins
with the dawn in the morning. When the sun
is high-est in the sky it is noon, or mid-day;
when the sun be-gins to go down it is afternoon,
or af-ter twelve o'clock.

The sun ri-ses in the East and sets in the West every day of the year. In England, the sun at noon is al-ways towards the South. If I walk on a road towards the set-ting sun I am go-ing to-wards the West; if I run the other way I am going towards the East, where the sun rises in the morning. When I go towards the South, any man that may meet me is go-ing towards the North.

Here is a picture of a boy close to a post in the middle of the road. The sun is as high as it can be, and is shining brightly on the two walls. So it is noon, and the sun is towards the south. The boy wants to know all about East, West, North, and South. He has his back towards the sun in the South at noon, so he is looking towards the North. His right hand is pointing towards the East, and his left hand holds the post on the West. The man that is coming behind him from the South is on

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GEOGRAPHY.
STANDARD II.-ABOUT A LAKE.

How fast the rain is fall-ing! I can hear the rain-drops pat-ter on the pave-ment. They seem to dance a-gain. The clouds are high, and the big drops of wa-ter have a long way to fall. No won-der they make such a noise and such a splash. What a heav-y show-er!

Part of the rain soaks in-to the ground, and part rolls a-way to the sides of the road. Look at the streams at the edge of the pavement. The gut-ters are quite full. But in the mid-dle of the road are lit-tle pools of wa-ter which cannot run a-way. No! the rain is caught in the hol-lows which are made by the iron hoofs of hors-es or by the wheels of carts and coach-es. But see! one pool is full and the wa-ter is running over the edge. It flows a-long in a ti-ny rill to the gutter. This must be a thun-der shower. At the bot-tom of the mea-dow yon-der

there is a deep hol-low. Will the rain fill that, I
won-der? Yes! there will be no streams through
the grass, but it will soon find its way to the
cor-ner at the bot-tom. The hol-low pit was
dug in the field that the hors-es might have a
large pool at which to drink. It is called the
horse-pond. Look! the pond is getting full
and I ex-pect it will o-ver-flow.

In some low places there is room for a ver-y
much lar-ger pond. The wa-ter is so deep that
boats and even ships of great size can swim on
it. Such a very large pond is called a lake.
Some lakes are so long and so wide that you
can-not see a-cross them. But lakes like these are
not found in our own land.

When wa-ter lies on land that is low,

It forms a pool, or a pond, or a lake, you know.

A Lake is water surrounded by land.
ев

If, therefore, water has not been used, so much the better for the ultimate result. It is astonishing how the evil consequences of burns diminish when these rules have been observed. If water is at hand, of VOL. II,

may be covered up with flour, and loose bandages should be applied to keep it on the burn. Linseed oil and lime water is sometimes applied, but they are inferior to cotton wadding and carbolised oil.

2 I

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THE LITTLE LEARNER.

GEOGRAPHY.

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England is a part of a very large island which is
called Great Britain.

On the North of England is Scotland, and on the
West is Wales.

Ireland is a large island West of Great Britain,
and its chief city, Dublin, can be reached by a steam-
boat in four or five hours from Holyhead, the nearest
town in Wales. The St. George's Channel is
here about sixty-five miles across.

The Isle of Man lies nearly half-way between
England and Ireland in the Irish Sea. Still further
North, some peninsulas of Scotland jut out towards the
Irish Coast and form a strait called the North
Channel, less than thirty miles wide.

On the East side of Great Britain is the North Sea,
and on the South is the English Channel, which
separates England from France.

The two large islands, and some hundreds of smaller ones, are together named "The British Isles." The whole group lies west of the continent of Europe, and on the Eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Dover, in the South-east, is the English town nearest to France. The Strait of Dover is about twenty miles wide, and forms a passage for ships from the English Channel to the North Sea.

West of Ireland is the continent of America, three thousand miles away.

STANDARD III.

[Dec., 1882.

The British Isles are sometimes spoken of as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. There are countries in other parts of the world which are also included in the British Empire.

England, including Wales, forms the largest part of Great Britain. This country is much broader in the South than in the North. It would take four times as long to travel from Cornwall in the Southwest to Kent in the South-east as it would to cross from the coast of Irish Sea to the shores of North Sea. We should have to ride more than three hundred miles, even if we could go in a straight line. It is nearly three hundred miles from the Welsh coast to the North Sea on the East.

But the very narrowest part of England is in the North, near Scotland. We could there cross the country from shore to shore in a journey of only sixty miles.

The coast line of England is much broken, especially on the western side, where the hills are more nume rous and form bold headlands. Between these capes are many bays and harbours for the shelter of ships.

Any one who could sail along the whole of the coast of England close to the shore in the North Sea, the English Channel, the Bristol Channel, the St. George's Channel, and the Irish Sea, would have a very long voyage of about two thousand miles.

He would pass the beautiful Isle of Wight on the South coast, the Scilly Islands off Cornwall, and Anglesea, the Welsh island on which is the town of Holyhead.

Near the East coast there are very few islands; the largest is Holy Island.

The mariner in the North Sea has to watch lest his ship should be driven on the quicksands off Yarmouth, or on the Goodwin Sands off Kent. On these sand-banks many ships are wrecked every year.

The chief dangers for sailors on the western coasts are the rocks, which are numerous near the shore, and often lie hidden beneath the waters. Lighthouses are built on many headlands, or on some of the most dangerous rocks, like the Eddystone in the English Channel. Light-ships are also moored near the dreaded sand-banks, to warn the sailor during the darkness of the night.

EXERCISES.

In what direction is England from Scotland? What island lies East of Ireland? What countries are in Great Britain. Name the boundaries of England Name five islands near England. In what direction would you travel from England to Scotland? or to France? or to Ireland? Where are the Yarmouth Sands? or the Goodwin Sands?

In what part of England is Kent? Cornwall?
Name an island in the English Channel, or in the
Irish Sea, or on the coast of Wales.

Where is England broadest? or narrowest?
On which coast are rocks most numerous ?
How are the bays formed?

London is the chief city in
the chief city in the world.

24. COOPE.-ABC is a triangle with a right angle at C, CB s 30 ft. long and BAC is 20°. If CB is produced to a point P, such that PAC is 55°, calculate the length of CP. (Science and Art, 1882.)

sington in the new Department of Agricultural Chemistry, and that the practical instruction will be in charge of Mr. Chapman-Jones.

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