=

= (1.713138 × 260 x 101)s.

=4,602 6376s.

= £230 2s. 74d. Ans.

8. MATHEMATICIAN.-Solve:-
4a2x=(a2 - b2+x)2. (Todhunter.)
4a2x=(a2 - b2+x)2

= a++b2+x2 - 2a2b2+2a2x - 262x
4a2x-2a2x+262 x − x2 = a* + b* — 2a2b2
x2-2a2x-2ab2x = − a1 — b1 +2a2ba
x2 - 2(a2 + b2)x = − aa — ba + 2a2b2

x2 − 2(a2 + b2 )x + (a2+b2)2=a* + 2a2b2 + b± − a* − ba +2aa12

x

=4a262 − (a2+b2)=±2ab

..x=a2±2ab+b2

=(a+b)2.

General.

I. GARFIELD.-Form 17 (a) (c) is a memorandum from the Education Department to managers of schools, intimating that the next examination will be under the New Code.

2. E. DAWSON.-You will find the solution of your query in our issue for February (No. 12).

3. H. S. NOTTS.—(a) Yes. (¿) Yes.

4. SELF-TAUGHT.-The natural sine means exactly the same as simply the sine. It is called natura! to distinguish it from the logarithmic sine.

5. R. RYDER.-If you had examined the question (1st sum for females of the 4th year at the August examination), you must have noticed that £1200 was a misprint for £1250, as the latter amount is calculated in the solution.

6. J. W.-As the walk was made half way round the garden, it is evident that it must be taken from corner to corner, and therefore our solution is correct.

7. E. A. SAMPSON.-You will find all instructions on Stitching in Vol. I. of The Governess, or in 'How to Teach Plain Needlework,' published at Is.

8. PECULIAR. The sign signifies that the numbers between which it is placed are equal; it is called the sign of equality. Thus, 3+2=5, is read 3 added to 2 equals 5.

9. TOTA.-If you had taken the trouble to give the full work. ing, you would not have found any difficulty in the solution as given in the text-book.

II. T. PRICE. Write to A. L. Vágo, 191, Gray's Inn Road.

12. SUBSCRIBER.-It would be almost impossible to give you the information within the limits of this column. You had better seek the advice of the nearest certificated teacher.

13. 3RD YEAR P.T.-We should say under the Old Code, but you had better write to the Inspector for your district.

14. ENQUIRER. No such book is published. Any old student of the College would be glad to give you the information. You might also write to the Secretary for the rules, etc., of the College.

15. RALPHO, Arbroath.-Advanced grade.

16. NMIL.-(a) The lists will be published in March, but the results ought to be made known to your managers much earlier. (b) Now. (c) Back papers not published. (d) We are not aware that any other book on the subject is to be had.

17. GWALIA. It is impossible to answer your queries, as the marks are not now published. They used to be.

18. CAITHNESSIAN.-(a) There is no sense in the words you ask us to parse. Send the context, and we will do what we can to help you. (b) See answer to Gwalia. (c) Yes. (a) Good, but rather too pointed.

19. G. F. J.-See answer to Subscriber.

20. HARVEY.-(a) Apply to the Secretary of the College you wish to enter. (b) Now, to the Secretary, Education Department, Whitehall, S.W.

21. JOE.-Ross's 'Outlines.' Mr. T. Murby, Bouverie Street, also publishes a very useful Manual, Pearce and Hayne's.

22. B. BIRCH.-The plan adopted in the columns of this journal is a good one. It might, however, be advisable to include the other heading.

23. GOODWIN.-Write to Messrs. Hachette and Co., Publishers, King William Street, Strand, stating exactly what you want, and they will, doubtless, forward you their catalogue. Mention this paper.

24. G. P. S.--We do not think any small cheap work has been published on the subject. So few take up Greek, that it would not pay a publisher to issue such a manual as you desire.

25. W. W., Deschanel.-Part IV. on 'Sound and Light,' 4s. 6d. (Blackie); or Stone's Elementary Lessons on Sound,' 3s. 6d. (Macmillan.)

26. AMICUS.—(1) Dr. Smith's 'Smaller History of Rome,' 3s. 6d. (Murray). (2) Virgil's Eneid,' with Notes by Charles Anthon, LL.D., 5s. (Tegg). (3) Aveling's Natural Philosophy for London University Matriculation,' 4s. (Stewart).

27. E. E. G.-Johnston's Civil Service Guide,' 3s. 6d. (Longmans). You will obtain much information from the Report of H. M. Civil Service Commissioners, which you may obtain through your bookseller, price 6s. 6d.

28. MEMBER OF THE BLUE RIBBON ARMY.-Mr. Lewis is quite correct; in fact, there is, as far as we can see, no other way of parsing the words you mention.

29. LILY WASNEY.-You will not find much difficulty in the stanza you quote if you take it in conjunction with the three which precede it, and remember that the poet is apostrophizing the Ocean.

30. PRECEPTOR.-You suffer from a plethora of good books. All you want, and more, may be obtained from those you

mention.

31. A. J. P.-Dr. Smith's' Principia Latina,' 35. 6d. (Murray). 'The Sunday School Singer,' 6d. (Sunday School Union).

32. MATRICULATION.-The following are the present Examiners and Assistant Examiners in the subjects you specify, and in all probability they will retain their position. (a) Prof. W. G. Adams, M.A.; W. Garnett, Esq., M. A.; W. T. Goolden, Esq., M.A.; and S. L. Hart, Esq., D.Sc. (b) Professors H. Morley, LL. D., and A. W. Ward, LL.D.; W. A. B. Brewer, Esq., M.A.; and the Rev. C. V. Dasent, M.A.

33. DANEBURGH.-We cannot analyse the extract you give without knowing the context. Your writing requires care.

34. NANCE.-The analysis you require of the fifth line is as follows: That's fair and square and perpendicular, subordinate adjectival sentence, qualifying candidate in preceding line. That, subject; is fair and square and perpendicular, predicate.

Worsted goods are included under the more comprehensive term, woollen goods. Worsted (from Worstead, in Norfolk, where the manufacture of this article was first carried on by some Flemish refugees, in Henry II.'s reign) is a thread spun of rather long-stapled wool that has been combed, and which in the spinning is twisted harder than ordinarily.

[We regret to state that, owing to the pressure on our space, the answers to several queries must be held over till our next issue.]

THE Committee of the London Institute for the Advancement of Plain Needlework wish it to be distinctly understood that not only has the 'One-Thread Hemming' never been taught at the Institute, but that on all occasions it has been most strenu. ously objected to. The following is an extract from the Education Report, 1881-2, page 567.

'Needlework Examination, Training Colleges.

'In too many colleges one-thread system is in vogue. This is very objectionable, as it causes the actual stitch to be perpendicular, instead of in the correct position, oblique. It is also needlessly close for practical use, the great object being to teach students that which will be most useful to them as practical teachers.

'January, 1881.

'(Signed) A. GRENFELL,

Hon. Sec. to the London Institute.'

Miscellaneous

(1) In the King's Name, by S. Manville Fenn. Blackie. (2) Under Drake's Flag, by G. A. Henty. Blackie.

(3) Facing Death: A Tale of Coal Mines, by G. A. Henty. Blackie.

(4) Winners in Life's Race: or, The Great Backboned Family, by A. P. Buckley. Blackie.

(5) First Readings: Christian Doctrine. Bemrose. (6) Physical Education, and its place in a System of Rational Education. Swan Sonnenschein.

(7) Battle and Victory, by Mrs. Bowen. Griffith and Farran. (8) The Adventures of the Pig Family. Griffith and Farran. (9) Our Little Ones at Home and in School. Griffith and Farran.

(10) Fly Away Fairies, and Baby Blossoms, by Miss Clarkson. Griffith and Farran.

(11) Wee Babies, by Ida Waugh. Griffith and Farran. (12) Proverbs in Sheets. A. Johnston.

(13) The Republic of Plato, by E. G. Hardy, M.A. Long

VOL. II. No. 11,

School Surgery.

BY ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D. (LOND.), C.S.S. (CAMB.), Vice-President of the British Medical Association.

XI.

STRANGULATION OR SUFFOCATION,

ACCIDENTAL OR SUICIDAL.

T has occasionally happened that a boy has been accidentally hanged. Several such cases are mentioned in works on Forensic Medicine. Scott, the American diver, hung himself by accident in public, and no efforts were made to save him until too late. Children have often been found suspended in such ways as have pointed to the accidental nature of the result; but instances are not infrequent of children committing suicide by hanging themselves. Those in charge should know, therefore, the proper course to be pursued in such cases. Death may be produced by Asphyxia, either by strangulation or by suffocation. In strangulation the pressure of the cord upon the windpipe closes the air passages. But death may arise from Apoplexy, the pressure of the cord stopping circulation through the vessels, but not completely closing the windpipe; or it may be caused by fracture of vertebræ, and rupture of, or damage to, the spinal cord. The latter condition occurs when the body falls from a height, as happens when a person undergoes the last penalty of the law. In the latter case death is immediate; in the former it may be some time before that result arrives. It is not necessary, in order to ensure death by hanging, that the feet should be off the ground. The pressure upon the vessels may be sufficient to give rise to apoplexy or death by asphyxia even when the toes touch the ground. In other cases a person may faint in consequence of fright, or from other causes, and a tight ligature round the neck may accidentally become tighter and cause death by strangulation. Death may arise, therefore, from three different causes, of which a ligature round the neck may be the prime factor. In all cases of hanging the first thing to be done is to cut down the victim. It is curious, but this is not always done by the bystanders. People often run for assistance instead of at once cutting the cord, or raising up the body so as to loosen it between the neck and the object to which the cord is attached. It has happened

VOL. II.

PRICE 6D.
POST FREE, 7D.

on more than one occasion, that companions have run away for help, and left their friend to his fate, when a moment's thought, such as placing one's head and shoulders between the hanging person's legs and raising him up, so as to take the pressure off the cord, would have saved the sufferer from his untimely fate. If there are two persons at hand, one should do this whilst the other procures a knife or some other sharp instrument, if he has not one in his pocket, and cuts the cord as quickly as possible. Then all tight clothing about the neck and chest should be at once removed. If (as is probable) the head and face are frightfully congested, cold water may be dashed upon them, whilst the hands and feet are kept warm and dry. If a smelling-bottle or salts of ammonia are at hand, they may be applied to the nostril. But the most important thing to be done is to use artificial respiration in the same manner as is recommended in cases of drowning. It might be beneficial in certain cases in which apoplexy is imminent, for some blood to be taken from the arm, or even from the jugular vein; but this can only be done by a skilful surgeon. The indications are to set up respiration and to relieve the overloaded vessels, whilst cold effusion may be beneficial in emptying the gorged vessels in the head. The body must be kept warm. If blood is taken, it must be by a free blood-letting, for it is more for the purpose of relieving the pulmonary circulation than the threatening apoplexy. As in drowning so in hanging, there may be syncope or fainting, which may have preceded the act of strangulation. It is necessary, therefore, to continue artificial respiration as long as the least doubt remains as to the result. The heart may continue beating in a very indistinct and inaudible manner long after the pulse has ceased to be felt or the breath to be perceptible to ordinary observers. Be careful to free the mouth and throat from any possible foreign bodies. Death sometimes results from direct strangulation, by the forcible compression of the neck by thieves on the highway and which goes by the name of garotting. In these cases insensibility results from asphyxia or syncope; asphyxia results from the impediment to proper aeration of the blood, whilst syncope is the result of either fright or shock to the cardiac nerves. It is sometimes said that some anesthetic, such as chloroform, had been used to aid the operation of the thief. But this is imaginary.

2 N