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AMONG the improvements of lettered society which distinguish the eighteenth century, the alliance and the mutual aids of philosophy and philology are not the least in value. Guided by a knowledge of the laws of intellect and thought, we discover the same principles which govern the formation and association of ideas, equally influencing the original character and the progressive combinations of language. Hence the study of general grammar has acquired certainty, precision, and luminous evidence; and by the application of established principles, with minor adaptations, the acquisition of particular languages has been not only facilitated, but raised above the rank of reminiscential toil, and rendered a delightful occupation of the highest mental powers. It is by this mode of investigation, that the elder Schultens in the Arabic and Hebrew tongues, Hemsterhuis and Monboddo in the Greek, and Ten Cate in the Teutonic, have thrown a flood of light on the study of those languages; and to this fountain must be traced what is most valuable in the "Diversions of Purley." It may be said, with little hazard of mistake, that no form of language upon earth so confirms the justness of the great principles of rational grammar, and is at the same time capable of such important elucidations from them, as that of ancient Greece. The character of the people was strongly impressed on their speech. In both was conspicuous the profusion of power and the versatility of application, which rendered the people the most effectively ingenious, and their language the most copious and capable, in the world. The faculties of exquisite discernment, the taste for every species and the most recondite forms of beauty, and the inclination amounting even to a passion in favour of subtile and speculative theory, which distinguished the people, advanced also their VOL. IV. 3 E language to every kind of perfection, to a susceptibility of every variety of character, and to a refined accuracy of usage by which the basis of original principles is both established and elucidated. No language supplies so rich a fund of materials for the service of general philology, or peculiarities of its own so worthy of accurate disquisition. Hence the etyma, the mutations effected by time and circumstances, the flexions, the particles, the idioms, and the prosody of the Greek tongue, have furnished, and will continue to furnish, unexhausted stores of utility and erudite enjoyment. Yet every scholar must have been sensible that the nature and uses of the Greek Article, a familiarity with which is so evidently necessary to a just faculty in Greek idiom and criticism, have not been subjected to any complete and satisfactory investigation. The difficulty of the subject has been strongly felt: and some of those who have attempted its elucidation, give indications of having experienced embarrassment to a greater degree than they have confessed. So far as the works of the ancient Grammarians have been brought to light, they have not been found to contribute any essential aid toward the illustration of this nice and difficult part of grammar. Some of them indeed, particularly Apollonius Dyscolus, present detached remarks of real value; but they were not able to discriminate, analyse, and compare their observations, so as to compose a fabric of rational and solid principles. Greek was their vernacular tongue; and nothing is more difficult than to elicit the intimate principles of habits to which we have been from infancy familiarized, and in which we are not prone to suspect that any profound and exquisite investigation is necessary. The native Greek grammarians who fled from Constantinople in the fifteenth century were not more successful; if we except Cardinal Bessarion, who, in his great work adversus Calumniatorem Platonis, has several excellent observations tending to a more rational theory of the Article. The indefatigable Budæus made some good collections from Theodore Gaza, Bessarion, &c.; but, in contempt of the maxim, "Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem," he concludes with a pile of laboured error, intended to shew that the use or omission of the article depended much on caprice and arbitrary fashion. The store of observations was increased; but the general obscurity of the subject was little diminished, by the astonishing labours of the great Henry Stephens, or by the vast erudition of the three first Grecians of the seventeenth century, Isaac Casaubon, Joseph Scaliger, and Salmasius. Grotius himself took up the im |