Upon this, which is justly placed among the most curious enquiries connected with Greek literature,' the penetration and the intellectual treasures of our author appear to great advantage. He traces the probable origin of the practice of prefixing the Article to proper Names; he shews that, in the early as well as in the subsequent usage, the article, a genuine Pronoun, so far from ever being intended to define the name, as most writers take for granted, is rather itself defined by the name,' having in its introduction the effect of obscure reference: he examines the practice of the poets in the insertions, and in the more frequent omissions, of the Article: for a most convincing reason, he bestows a particular examination on the usage of Aristophanes with respect to the Article before Proper Names: he then turns to the most suitable prose writers: and, finally, from this masterly piece of criticism and reasoning, he obtains much striking evidence to the truth of his great principle; and he establishes the two following canons, both arising from this general principle, that the article, as applied to Proper Names, as well as to Appellatives, is a pronoun of obscure reference, and that, conjointly with its predicate, it recalls an idea which has already had a place in the hearer's mind.' p. 115.

Rule i. Proper names of men never have the Article, except,

1. When the same person has been recently mentioned: or, 2. When the person is, from some cause or other, of such notoriety, that even without previous mention he may be recognized by the hearer.

Rule ii. Proper names of deities, heroes, and places, usually usually take the article on the ground of notoriety.

Obs. When particular rules, arising from the nature of the case, forbid the insertion of the Article, it is not prefixed to proper names any more than to appellatives. The only cases that can become applicable, are those of Rule i. and ii. under Sect. III.

PROPOSITION III. (Ch. V. of Mr. M.) To determine the Greek usage with respect to the prefixing, or the omission, of the Article before Abstract Nouns, or the names of Attributes and Qualities.

is

The indefatigable author begins with remarking, that this a subject of greater difficulty, than any other which belongs to this preliminary Inquiry. On its first appearance, indeed, it presents a degree of perplexity, which seems to defy arrangement: but on a nearer view we shall discover, that certain laws are for the most part observed, though some licence be allowed; and that those laws are explicable

from the nature of the Article, as it has already been illustrated.' p. 121.

He then establishes the fact, that Nouns of this class, though they always express abstract ideas, may be used in a more or in a less abstract sense. From the proof and illustra tion of this, he remarks that, in numerous instances, the presence of the Article marks the most general and abstracted sense; and that, where the abstraction is meant to be limited, the Article is invariably omitted.

SECT. I. Cases of Insertion.

Rule i. The Article is inserted when the Noun is employed in its most abstract sense.

Ἡ αδικία ἄρα και η ακολασία, και η ἄλλη τῆς ψυχῆς πονηρία, μέγιστον τῶν οντων κακόν εστι. Plat. Gorgias, Op. p. 326.

Του 'αγαθον ἄρα ἄντιον εστι τὸ καλόν. Ejusd. Hipp. Maj. Ορ. p. 1255.

Rule ii. The article is generally used before these nouns, when the qualities represented by them are personified.

H

Η Κακία υπολαβουσα μπεν και η Αρετή ειπεν. Prod. in Xen. Mem. ii. 1.

Rule iii. Abstract Nouns take the Article, when that Article has the sense of a Possessive Pronoun. See Prop. I. Sect. I. Rule iv.

+

Ουχ οιός τ' είμ' αποσοβῆσαι τὸν γέλων. Aristoph. Ran. 45.

Rule iv. These Nouns take the Article, where they have reference of any kind.

Τις αήθης κράσις από τε τῆς ἡδονῆς συγκεκραμένη ομῖν καὶ τῆς λύπης. Plat. Phæd. ed. Forst. p. 159.

SECT. II. Cases of Omission.

Rule i. Abstract Nouns are put without the Article, if they are used in any manner in which they cannot be understood in the most abstract signification.

Ἐπὶ γὰρ δὴ πληίστη αταξία και ἀκολασίαν i. e. in Thessaly. Plat. Crit. ed. Forst. p. 151.

Obs. This Rule will include various cases which have already been considered. e. g.

Pr. I. Sect. I. Rule i. În propositions which merely assert or deny existence.

Τρία ἔστιν, ἔίδη, κακία 'ακρασία, θηριότης. Arist. Mor. Nic. vii. 1. Ibid. Rule ii. After Verbs substantive or nuncupative. Άνθρωπος, ἀισχύνη της πόλεως γεγονώς. Æsch. c. Ctes. 89, Καλῶ δὲ ἐγὼ τὸ κεφάλαιον, κολακείαν. Plat. Gorg. Op. p. 316. Ibid. Rule iii. After Verbs of choosing, constituting, &c. Ἔχθραν δὲ καὶ ὀργας ή περὶ τίνων διαφορα ποιο. Plat. Euth. ed. Forst. p. 33.

Ibid. Rule iv. Abstract nouns, put in apposition of the end or purpose, are almost invariably connected with verbs or participles of existence; so that they come under one of the preceding cases, though the verb or participle may not be expressed. Such forms as this are familiar:

Αρχὴ μὲν φιλίας, ἔπαινος· ἔχθρας δὲ, ψόγος. Isocr. ed. Fletch. p. 14.

Ibid. Rule v. Universally exclusive propositions.

Μήτε ευεργεσίας μεγάλης, μήτε ξυμμαχίας προοφειλομένης. Thucyd.

i. 32.

The idea of a limited abstraction accounts for the anarthrous use of nouns pertaining to this class after verbs of obtaining, having, fulness, &c.; after adjectives of fulness and emptiness; and after verbs of partaking, when they bear merely the sense of having.

Upon the same principle the Article is omitted in the common forms of a Hendiadys, ἄνοιαν, &c. φλισκάνειν, δίκην διδόναι, ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν, &c.

Also, when abstract nouns are the predicates of propositions not intended to be convertible, such nouns are anarthrous, by Prop. I. Sect. IV. Rule i.

Rule ii. Abstract Nouns are anarthrous, when they are employed in the dative case adverbially.

Ἐντόνως και ὀργῇ χωρουντες. Thucyd. v. 70.

If, however, the manner thus expressed, be referred to under the notion of its being more especially the attribute of the subject in question; then the Article will be prefixed, and will have the sense of a possessive pronoun.

Ζῶσι τῇ μνήμῃ μᾶλλον, ἢ τὸ ἐλπίδι· i. e. in their recollection of their own long life, &c. Arist. Rhet. ii. 15.

PROPOSITION IV. (Ch. VI. of Mr. M.) To state the cases of Anomaly that have been observed.

"It will not be deemed injurious to the Hypothesis, if certain usages occasionally prevail, of which it pretends not to assign the cause. It is sufficient if they furnish no evidence of its futility and it is to be observed that they are omissions of the Article when it might have been inserted, not insertions irreconcilable with its alleged nature." p. 132.

Rule i. The Article is very frequently omitted before Nouns which otherwise would take it, when they are governed by a preposition.

Ἐξ αγρόν κατ' αγοράν κατά πόλιν εις λιμένα αυτος μέχρι ερινεόν Θεαίτητον προϋπεμψα. Plat. Theæt. sub initio. Rule ii. In an enumeration of objects, the nouns expressing which are united by Conjunctions, or if the conjunctions are omitted by Asyndeton, the Articles are frequently rejected. VOL. IV.

3 N

Ὦ γῆ, και ηλιες και 'αρετή, και σύνεσις, και παιδεία.Æsch. cont. Ctes. 96.

Περὶ δὲ τῶν τοιῶνδε τί σε κωλύει δ' ελθών ; ὅιον ηλίου τε και σελήνης, και άστρων, καὶ γῆς, και αιθέρος, καὶ 'αέρος, και πυρὸς, καὶ ὕδατος, και ωρῶν, και ενιαυτόν. Plat. Cratyl. Op. p. 280.

Ακρασίας γίνεται μιμητής, δεισιδαιμονίας, ακροχολίας, πικρίας πρὸς οικέτας, απιστίας πρὸς οικείους και συγγενής. Plut. de Discr. Adul. et Am. ap. Op. Wytt. i. 204.

Rule iii. Ordinal numbers, whether their nouus be expressed or understood, are generally anarthrous.

Πρώτου δὲ μηνὸς ενάτη. Plut. de Is. et Osir. ap. Opera Wyttenb. iii. 449.

Rule iv. Superlatives have so close an affinity to the ordinals πρῶτος and τελευταιος, ύστατος, οι ἔσχατος, that they sometimes are anarthrous.

Τῶν πάντων ἄισχιστον τε, καὶ χαλεπώτατον, και 'ανοσιώτατον, και εχθιστον και θεοῖς καὶ 'ανθρώποις πόλεμον. Xen. Ell. ii. ed. Glasg. tom. i. p. 119.

PROPOSITION V. To state the Greek usage of the Article with certain words: viz. πᾶς, ὅλος, οντος, δε, and 'εκάνος.

conclusions,) has prevented him from assigning a more peremptory precision to this part of his rule. It appears to us, that all the instances adduced by Mr. M., and they are pro. bably the strongest that have occurred to him, have a hypothetical reference; and we doubt extremely whether a single indisputable example could be alledged to bar him from making his rule absolute. This, we believe, would appear to satisfaction, if any one, in such a case, would ponder the sentiment of the passage, and supply the participle of existence. In the clause, for instance, just now adduced from Aristotle, the reader who examines the place will find the sense to be, that not all the things which are evil, and universally ac"knowledged to be so, are commonly dreaded by men.' So, in another passage, quoted from the Laches of Plato, the subsequent part of the sentence, 'à di' 'ávovar, &c. shews that there is reference: Do you suppose that I call all those courageous, who are fearless through mere want of understanding?" -For the assumption cannot even be made of all children, radia, but only of those who are very young. We would therefore carry the rule to the extent, that where there is not reference, the Article is omitted.

Rule iii. Abstract Nouns with as have the Article, where there is reference; but are anarthrous, if they have not reference.

Case 1.

Πάση τη δυνάμει Δαρείος καταβεβήκει. Æsch. c. Ctes. 52.

Ὑμᾶς μου ακούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ̓αλήθειαν. Plat. Αpol. Socr. sub initio.

Case 2.

Εις πᾶν πάθος, καὶ πᾶν κίνημα. Plut. de Discr. Adul. & Am. Op. Wyttenb. i. 194.

Пary opуy Seda Ta ndony. Arist. Rhet. ii. 2.

ΙΙ. ΟΙ ΟΛΟΣ.

Rule. The construction of os resembles that of as: with reference it has the article; without it, not.

III. Of 'orTOZ.

Rule i. When the identity of reference of this Pronoun and the noun joined to it is assumed, the Noun always takes the Article.

Trò TÂY VÚ TC Tour. Herod. Call. 51.

Ταυτή τη ψήφω. Ibid. 55.

Ούτοι δι ρήτορες

ii. p. 410, 416.

-TOUTOY TOY Eva. Dem. cont. Tim. Taylor,

Rule ii. When the identity is not assumed, but asserted, the Noun (if not influenced by another rule) is anarthrous Ἔστι μὲν γαρ πενία άντη σαφής, Xen. Ec. viii.g